Australia and New Zealand
Australia is located in south-east Asia. The Indian Ocean is west and south, the Pacific (Coral and Tasman Seas) is east. Nearest is Indonesia, Papua New Guinea on north, Solomons, Fiji and New Zealand are on east. Its area is 7.7 mil sq. km. Australia is an island continent. The Great Dividing Range along the Eastern coast (The Australian Alps) has the highest Australian mountain Mt. Kosciusko.
Climate – various kinds
Arid and hot are the north-western part of Western Australia and northern Territories and also Great Sandy and Great Victoria Deserts. The North-East has heavy rainfalls and Cape York Penninsula has jungles. Rivers (the Murray River, the Darling), Lakes (Lake Eyre, Lake Torrens and Lake Gairdner). The Australian climate varies from warm to subtropical. The Continent is in the southern hemisphere which means that Australia has summer when we have winter and vice versa. The Animals of Australia are numerous and some of them, like the kangaroo, koala, bear, dingo, platypus, Tasmanian devil, wombat cannot be found elsewhere.
People:
The population of Australia is some 17 million. The density is one of the lowest in the world. People live in urban areas mainly along the south-east coast. Deserts and the tropical northern part are practically uninhabited. Inhabitants are mainly of British origin, the rest is made by other European ethnic groups and by aborigines. Australian English and aboriginal languages are spoken here.
History:
Captain James Cook explored the eastern coast in 1770 when the continent was inhabited by a variety of different tribes. Within decades Britain got the entire continent which became a convict colony from 1788 till 1850s when immigration increased because gold was found here. Aborigines and part-aborigines are mostly detribalized but there are several preserves in the Northwest Territory.
National economy:
Main industries are iron, steel, textiles, electrical equipment, chemicals, car, aircraft, ship and machinery. Australia belongs to the top exporters of beef, lamb, wool, oats, hay, sugar, wine, fruit and vegetables. Natural riches contain mainly bauxite, coal, copper, iron, lead, nickel, silver, tin, uranium and zinc ores. Currency used in Australia is Australian Dollar.
Government type and administration
The official title is The Commonwealth of Australia and it is a British dominion. It has a democratic, federal system and the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II represented by the Governor-General. The head of government is the Prime Minister.
The Commonwealth of Australia consists of 6 states and 2 territories: New South Wales (capital Sydney), Victoria (Melbourne), Queensland (Brisbane), South Australia (Adelaide), Western Australia (Perth), Tasmania (Hobart). The capital of whole country is Canberra.
The Australian national flag consists of the British Flag symbol and a larger blue field in which 5 stars are arranged in the form of the Southern Cross constellation.
New Zealand
New Zealand consists of two large islands (north and South Island) in south-west Pacific Ocean. Nearest are Australia on west, Fiji, Tonga on north. Its area is 270 tausent sq. km. Each of the two main islands is mainly hilly and mountainous. The east coast consists of fertile plains (Canterbury Plains). A volcanic plateau is in the centre of North Island.
People:
The population is more than 3 million people. Density is much higher than in Australia. The most of people live in urban areas. People are of European (above all British) origin, the rest are Polynesian. Officially English is spoken here but some people still speak Maori.
History:
The Maoris, a Polynesian group reached New Zealand before and during the 14th century. The first Europeans were Abel Tasman and James Cook. Now it is an independent member of the Commonwealth.
National economy:
Food processing, textiles, machinery and forest industry are the main industries here. Only 2 per cent of land is arable and the main crops is grain. Natural riches are: oil, gas, iron ore and coal. The main trading partners of new Zealand are the USA, Australia, Japan, Great Britain.
Government type and administration
NZ has a parliamentary system where the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II represented by the Governor General. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The country is divided into counties. The capital is Wellington, other big cities are Manukau, Christchurch and Auckland.
The flag consists of the British Union Jack in the left upper corner and 4 red stars in the Southern Cross constellation.
sobota 16. července 2011
KAJ - Canada
• Canada (from Inuit word kanata (=village, settlement))
• Area: 10 mil. km² (2nd largest country), Population: 33 mil.
• Flag with maple leaf
• Capital: Ottawa, Largest city: Toronto
• Official languages: English (spoken in West), French (spoken in East)
• Currency – Canadian Dollar
• Monarch – Br. Queen, Parliament – House of Commons, Senate
• 2 major parties – Liberal party, Progressive conservative party
• Resources: copper, zinc, lead, oil, iron ore
• 10 provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador
• 3 territories – Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut
History
• First Europeans – Vikings 1000 AD
• 16. century – exploration started – John Cabot
• 1689-1763 – International Wars (Inuits × Europeans), Quebec Act (religion,language)
• 1964 – self-governing, independent
Cities
• most population around Canada-US border
• Otawa – government
• Toronto
o largest city, capital of Ontario
o multicultural city, many rivers and creeks
• Victoria
o capital of Br. Columbia
o most British city, named after Queen Victoria
• Vancouver – largest city in Br. Columbia (3. largest in Canada)
• Quebec – largest French speaking city
Nature
• Rocky mountains (=Rockies) – 5000 kilometres long
• National parks – Banff, Jesper
• Mt. Logan – 6000 m
• Animals – humpback whale, chipmunk(hlodavec), sea-lion(lvoun), bear, salmon; Plants – sequoia
• Rivers
o St. Lawrence – 5 great lakes-Superior,Michigan,Huron,Erie (Niagara) Ontario
o Mackenzie – longest river
o Yukon, Columbia, Frazer
Language
• Differs only in vocabulary
o lift -> elevator
o biscuit -> cookie
• Literature – English, French written
• Area: 10 mil. km² (2nd largest country), Population: 33 mil.
• Flag with maple leaf
• Capital: Ottawa, Largest city: Toronto
• Official languages: English (spoken in West), French (spoken in East)
• Currency – Canadian Dollar
• Monarch – Br. Queen, Parliament – House of Commons, Senate
• 2 major parties – Liberal party, Progressive conservative party
• Resources: copper, zinc, lead, oil, iron ore
• 10 provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador
• 3 territories – Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut
History
• First Europeans – Vikings 1000 AD
• 16. century – exploration started – John Cabot
• 1689-1763 – International Wars (Inuits × Europeans), Quebec Act (religion,language)
• 1964 – self-governing, independent
Cities
• most population around Canada-US border
• Otawa – government
• Toronto
o largest city, capital of Ontario
o multicultural city, many rivers and creeks
• Victoria
o capital of Br. Columbia
o most British city, named after Queen Victoria
• Vancouver – largest city in Br. Columbia (3. largest in Canada)
• Quebec – largest French speaking city
Nature
• Rocky mountains (=Rockies) – 5000 kilometres long
• National parks – Banff, Jesper
• Mt. Logan – 6000 m
• Animals – humpback whale, chipmunk(hlodavec), sea-lion(lvoun), bear, salmon; Plants – sequoia
• Rivers
o St. Lawrence – 5 great lakes-Superior,Michigan,Huron,Erie (Niagara) Ontario
o Mackenzie – longest river
o Yukon, Columbia, Frazer
Language
• Differs only in vocabulary
o lift -> elevator
o biscuit -> cookie
• Literature – English, French written
KAJ - The USA
The USA covers an area about 9 million sq km.
It is composed of 50 states. The states are joined together in a federal republic, plus the District of Columbia with the capital of the USA – Washington D.C.
The USA borders on Mexico in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, Canada in the north and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Part of the USA is Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands.
The second longest American river is the Mississippi. Its name is of Indian origin and means „great water“. The longest river is the Missouri.
On the Canadian border the five Great Lakes are situated: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Niagara Falls are situated in this area.
In the west, the Rocky Mountains can be found.
The highest mountain is Mount Mc Kinley (6194 m) in Alaska.
The climate is varied – from the arctic climate in the north to the subtropical climate in the south. Death Valley in California is the hottest place on earth in summer. California, Arizona, New Mexico and Florida belong among the so-called Sun Belt States.
American National Parks are visited by millions of people. Some of them are Yellowstone, and Grand Canyon of the Colorado River.
The total U.S. population is more than 280 million.
The majority of the population originally came from Europe. The blacks in America were originally brought from Africa as slaves. There are also many Asians, and Chinese and Japanese people in America.
The biggest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, San Francisco, New Orleans.
Cities in the north:
Chicago: the third largest city in the USA
- situated on the bank of Lake Michigan
- industrial city
- the busiest airport in the world (called "O'Hare")
Detroit - notorious for its car industry
In the south:
New Orleans - famous for jazz music
In the east:
New York - a cosmopolitan city, there are lots of nations
- called "Big Apple" or "City which never sleeps"
- lots of skyscrapers
- 5 parts: Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island (with the Statue of Liberty)
Philadelphia - originally it was the capital of the USA
Washington D.C. - the capital of the USA; the seat of the President in the White House; the seat of Congress in Capitol Building
In the west:
San Francisco - with its hilly streets; there are trams
- the dominant of the city is Golden Gate Bridge - in reality it is orange (or light red); nearby is an island where the prison Alcatraz is situated
Los Angeles - "City of Angels"
- second largest American city
- its district called "Beverly Hills" is a very expensive place to live for famous actors and wealthy people
The American system of government is based on the Constitution of 1789. Power is divided between the Federal Government (which has control over national matters, such as defense, foreign affairs and finance) and the state governments (which are responsible for law and order and education, among other things). Each state has its own state government, laws, courts, police etc. There is also a federal police force, the FBI (federal Bureau of Investigation).
The Federal Government consists of three departments:
1) the Executive Department (the president),
2) the Congress
3) the Supreme Court
The President is head of the Executive Department. His official residence is The White House, Washington. He is elected for four years and cannot be elected more than twice. He must be at least 35 years old. He is head of the armed forces and conducts foreign policy. He appoints members of the government and can sack them. He can veto (forbid) legislation. All laws must be signed by the President.
The Congress has 2 houses – the Senate and the House of Representatives. They vote for or against new legislation. Each state has 2 senators, and at least one representative in the House of Representatives.
The Supreme Court ensures that all new laws are in accordance with the constitution. It can declare new legislation unconstitutional and therefore forbid it.
HOLIDAYS: Thanksgiving, Independence Day, Columbus Day, Martin Luther King´s Day
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus who was searching for a new way to India; he landed in America in 1492; actually he believed he was in India, that is why he called the original American inhabitants "Indians"
It is composed of 50 states. The states are joined together in a federal republic, plus the District of Columbia with the capital of the USA – Washington D.C.
The USA borders on Mexico in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, Canada in the north and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Part of the USA is Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands.
The second longest American river is the Mississippi. Its name is of Indian origin and means „great water“. The longest river is the Missouri.
On the Canadian border the five Great Lakes are situated: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Niagara Falls are situated in this area.
In the west, the Rocky Mountains can be found.
The highest mountain is Mount Mc Kinley (6194 m) in Alaska.
The climate is varied – from the arctic climate in the north to the subtropical climate in the south. Death Valley in California is the hottest place on earth in summer. California, Arizona, New Mexico and Florida belong among the so-called Sun Belt States.
American National Parks are visited by millions of people. Some of them are Yellowstone, and Grand Canyon of the Colorado River.
The total U.S. population is more than 280 million.
The majority of the population originally came from Europe. The blacks in America were originally brought from Africa as slaves. There are also many Asians, and Chinese and Japanese people in America.
The biggest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, San Francisco, New Orleans.
Cities in the north:
Chicago: the third largest city in the USA
- situated on the bank of Lake Michigan
- industrial city
- the busiest airport in the world (called "O'Hare")
Detroit - notorious for its car industry
In the south:
New Orleans - famous for jazz music
In the east:
New York - a cosmopolitan city, there are lots of nations
- called "Big Apple" or "City which never sleeps"
- lots of skyscrapers
- 5 parts: Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island (with the Statue of Liberty)
Philadelphia - originally it was the capital of the USA
Washington D.C. - the capital of the USA; the seat of the President in the White House; the seat of Congress in Capitol Building
In the west:
San Francisco - with its hilly streets; there are trams
- the dominant of the city is Golden Gate Bridge - in reality it is orange (or light red); nearby is an island where the prison Alcatraz is situated
Los Angeles - "City of Angels"
- second largest American city
- its district called "Beverly Hills" is a very expensive place to live for famous actors and wealthy people
The American system of government is based on the Constitution of 1789. Power is divided between the Federal Government (which has control over national matters, such as defense, foreign affairs and finance) and the state governments (which are responsible for law and order and education, among other things). Each state has its own state government, laws, courts, police etc. There is also a federal police force, the FBI (federal Bureau of Investigation).
The Federal Government consists of three departments:
1) the Executive Department (the president),
2) the Congress
3) the Supreme Court
The President is head of the Executive Department. His official residence is The White House, Washington. He is elected for four years and cannot be elected more than twice. He must be at least 35 years old. He is head of the armed forces and conducts foreign policy. He appoints members of the government and can sack them. He can veto (forbid) legislation. All laws must be signed by the President.
The Congress has 2 houses – the Senate and the House of Representatives. They vote for or against new legislation. Each state has 2 senators, and at least one representative in the House of Representatives.
The Supreme Court ensures that all new laws are in accordance with the constitution. It can declare new legislation unconstitutional and therefore forbid it.
HOLIDAYS: Thanksgiving, Independence Day, Columbus Day, Martin Luther King´s Day
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus who was searching for a new way to India; he landed in America in 1492; actually he believed he was in India, that is why he called the original American inhabitants "Indians"
KAJ - Great Britain
The British Isles form a group of islands lying on the Northwest coast of Europe. The largest islands are Great Britain consisting of 3 parts: England, Wales and Scotland and Ireland consisting of Northern Ireland and the Irish republic. There are also the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Hebrides. The Isle of Man lies in the Irish Sea and the English Channel Islands.
The area of Great Britain can be divided into two main regions - Lowland Britain to the southeast and Highland Britain to the northwest of the line running from Newcastle to Exeter.
The highest mountain is Ben Nevis (1342 m) in the Scottish Highlands.
The largest rivers are the Thames, the Tyne and the Trent in England and the Clyde and the Tweed in Scotland.
There are beautiful lakes in the the Lake District and in the Highlands of Scotland (called „lochs“ - Loch Ness).
The climate is temperate, winters are never very cold and summers are mild.
Natural recources:
Britain is very rich in high qaulity coal. The main coal-bearing areas are the Scottich field in cetral Lowlands, near Newcatstle, near Leeds, the South Wales.
There are petroleum and gas fields in the North Sea, too.
Other recources: sand, sandstone, chalk, salt.
The main industries developed during the Industrial revolution: cool, textile, wool, iron and steel, shipbuilding and engeneering. New industries developed in the 20th century: chemical and aircraft industries, electrical industries.
The main areas of industrial concentration are Yorkshire, Manchester, London, south Wales
Agricultural production constists manly of livestock production, included dairy farms, sheep farms, and poultry farms. There is a production of cereals, potatoes, sugar beet, fruit and vegetables. Only 2% of population are employed in agriculture.
Key facts:
Capital city: London
Major cities - holiday centres: Belfast, Brighton, Canterbury, Cambridge, Dover, Edinburgh, Hastings, London, Oxford, Plymouth, Stonehenge, Stratford upon Avon
Longest river: Severn
Currency: Pound Sterling divided into 100 pences
Main languages: English (with special local accents and dialects), Welsh, Scotish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic
Anthem: God save the queen
Sports: cricket, football, rugby, golf
The area of Great Britain can be divided into two main regions - Lowland Britain to the southeast and Highland Britain to the northwest of the line running from Newcastle to Exeter.
The highest mountain is Ben Nevis (1342 m) in the Scottish Highlands.
The largest rivers are the Thames, the Tyne and the Trent in England and the Clyde and the Tweed in Scotland.
There are beautiful lakes in the the Lake District and in the Highlands of Scotland (called „lochs“ - Loch Ness).
The climate is temperate, winters are never very cold and summers are mild.
Natural recources:
Britain is very rich in high qaulity coal. The main coal-bearing areas are the Scottich field in cetral Lowlands, near Newcatstle, near Leeds, the South Wales.
There are petroleum and gas fields in the North Sea, too.
Other recources: sand, sandstone, chalk, salt.
The main industries developed during the Industrial revolution: cool, textile, wool, iron and steel, shipbuilding and engeneering. New industries developed in the 20th century: chemical and aircraft industries, electrical industries.
The main areas of industrial concentration are Yorkshire, Manchester, London, south Wales
Agricultural production constists manly of livestock production, included dairy farms, sheep farms, and poultry farms. There is a production of cereals, potatoes, sugar beet, fruit and vegetables. Only 2% of population are employed in agriculture.
Key facts:
Capital city: London
Major cities - holiday centres: Belfast, Brighton, Canterbury, Cambridge, Dover, Edinburgh, Hastings, London, Oxford, Plymouth, Stonehenge, Stratford upon Avon
Longest river: Severn
Currency: Pound Sterling divided into 100 pences
Main languages: English (with special local accents and dialects), Welsh, Scotish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic
Anthem: God save the queen
Sports: cricket, football, rugby, golf
KFJ - Les achats
Les achats
Faire ses courses dans un magasin nakupovat v obchodě
...dans un grand magasin ...v obchodním domě
...dans une boutique ....v butiku
...dans un supermarché ....v samoobsluze
....au marché ...na trhu
le rayon de la parfumerie oddělení parfumerie
acheter quelquechose a credit koupit něco na úvěr
vendre qc en soldes prodávat ve výprodeji
le vendeur, la vendeuse prodavač, prodavačka
passer à la caisse jít k pokladně
faire la queue stát frontu
avoir de la monnaie mít drobné
(Donnez-moi) un kilo d’oranges, s’il vous plait.Dejte mi) kilo pomerančů, prosím.
Cela coűte trop cher. ( C’est trop cher.) To je příliš drahé.
Ce n‘est pas cher. C’est bon marché. Je to levné.
Je regarde seulement. Jen se dívám.
Je voudrais acheter ... Chtěla bych koupit ..
Je vous dois combien? Co jsem vám dlužná?
Je cherche ... Sháním ...
abordable levný
cher, chère drahý
J´ai faim de loup et soif à avalet la langue. Mám hlad jako vlk a žízeň jako trám.
Je peux payer avec une carte de crédit(en liquide? Mohu platit kreditní kartou (v hotovosti)?
Pourriez-vous... ? Mohl byste...?
Quest-ce que tu achetes? Co kupuješ?
deux euros le kilo dvě eura za kilo
offre valable/offre spéciale du mercredi au dimanche platná nabídka/speciální nabídka od středy do neděle
haute qualité vysoká kvalita
lot de 2 pieces sada dvou kusů
gratuit zdarma
la réduction sleva
en promotion v akci
a moitié prix, 50% remboursé za poloviční cenu
jusqi’a -20% sur .... sleva až 20% na...
vendeur/caissier/client prodavač/pokladní/zákazník
la boite, le sachet, la piece, le pot, la paquet, la bouteille, le flacon, le bidon, la barquette (kontejner)
.
Au bar-tabac
A: Vous avez combien de cartes postales?
B: Cinq. Donnez-moi aussi cinq timbres à 3 francs.
A: Désolée, je n.ai plus de timbres.
B: Ah... Vous vendez des télécartes?
A: Oui. A combien d.unités: cinquante ou cent vingt?
B: Cinquante... Et un paquet de Gauloises Blondes, s.il vous plaît.
A: Voilà.
B: Euh, excusez-moi... Il y a une pharmacie près d.ici?
A: Oui, là-bas, au coin de la rue.
Au marché - interview
A: Bonjour Madame! Qu.est-ce que vous désirez aujourd.hui?
B: Bonjour! Je voudrais un kilo de tomates fraiches, s.il vous plaît.
A: Et avec ça?
B: Une livre de courgettes... et deux poivrons.
A: C.est tout?
B: Non, donnez-moi aussi du raisin.
A: Du blanc? Il n.est pas cher! C.est 20 francs le kilo.
B: Bon, alors, un kilo, s.il vous plaît... C.est tout.
Offre d’un supermarché
Profitez de la semaine.
Une bouteille de jus d.orange Pampryl, 1euro 93.
Deux tubes de dentifrice Tonigencyl 2 euros 45.
Une boîte de trois sachets de puré Mousline 2 euros 37.
Un paquet de céréales Plopsies 3 euros 41.
Un lot de plaquette de beurre Président 2 euros 59.
Trois tablettes de chocolat 2 euros 89.
Les magasins:
- le magasin de vêtements
- le magasin de chaussures
- le magasin d'articles de sport
- le magasin de disques
- la parfumerie
- la librairie
- la papeterie
- la pharmacie
- le coiffeur
- le kiosque à journaux
- l'opticien
- le bureau de tabac
- le supermarché
- le hypermarché
- le grand magasin
- le centre commercial
- le marché
- la boucherie
- la boulangerie
- la pâtisserie
- l'épicerie
- la charcuterie
- la poissonnerie
- le marchand de fruits et légumes
- la crémerie
- le fleuriste
- la droguerie
- la quincaillerie (železářství)
- la mercerie (galanterie)
- la bijouterie
- la boutique
Questions:
Est-ce que vous aimer faire des achats?
Combien par mois faitez-vous vos courses?
Esc-ce que vous aimez acheter des vetements?
Quand est-ce que vous faites vos achats? Vous préférez les faire pendant le week-end?
Quel est votre magasin préféré? Pourquoi?
Ou est-ce que vous achetez des légumes? Au marché?
Que pensez-vous du métier d’une vendeuse? Est – il difficile?
Faire ses courses dans un magasin nakupovat v obchodě
...dans un grand magasin ...v obchodním domě
...dans une boutique ....v butiku
...dans un supermarché ....v samoobsluze
....au marché ...na trhu
le rayon de la parfumerie oddělení parfumerie
acheter quelquechose a credit koupit něco na úvěr
vendre qc en soldes prodávat ve výprodeji
le vendeur, la vendeuse prodavač, prodavačka
passer à la caisse jít k pokladně
faire la queue stát frontu
avoir de la monnaie mít drobné
(Donnez-moi) un kilo d’oranges, s’il vous plait.Dejte mi) kilo pomerančů, prosím.
Cela coűte trop cher. ( C’est trop cher.) To je příliš drahé.
Ce n‘est pas cher. C’est bon marché. Je to levné.
Je regarde seulement. Jen se dívám.
Je voudrais acheter ... Chtěla bych koupit ..
Je vous dois combien? Co jsem vám dlužná?
Je cherche ... Sháním ...
abordable levný
cher, chère drahý
J´ai faim de loup et soif à avalet la langue. Mám hlad jako vlk a žízeň jako trám.
Je peux payer avec une carte de crédit(en liquide? Mohu platit kreditní kartou (v hotovosti)?
Pourriez-vous... ? Mohl byste...?
Quest-ce que tu achetes? Co kupuješ?
deux euros le kilo dvě eura za kilo
offre valable/offre spéciale du mercredi au dimanche platná nabídka/speciální nabídka od středy do neděle
haute qualité vysoká kvalita
lot de 2 pieces sada dvou kusů
gratuit zdarma
la réduction sleva
en promotion v akci
a moitié prix, 50% remboursé za poloviční cenu
jusqi’a -20% sur .... sleva až 20% na...
vendeur/caissier/client prodavač/pokladní/zákazník
la boite, le sachet, la piece, le pot, la paquet, la bouteille, le flacon, le bidon, la barquette (kontejner)
.
Au bar-tabac
A: Vous avez combien de cartes postales?
B: Cinq. Donnez-moi aussi cinq timbres à 3 francs.
A: Désolée, je n.ai plus de timbres.
B: Ah... Vous vendez des télécartes?
A: Oui. A combien d.unités: cinquante ou cent vingt?
B: Cinquante... Et un paquet de Gauloises Blondes, s.il vous plaît.
A: Voilà.
B: Euh, excusez-moi... Il y a une pharmacie près d.ici?
A: Oui, là-bas, au coin de la rue.
Au marché - interview
A: Bonjour Madame! Qu.est-ce que vous désirez aujourd.hui?
B: Bonjour! Je voudrais un kilo de tomates fraiches, s.il vous plaît.
A: Et avec ça?
B: Une livre de courgettes... et deux poivrons.
A: C.est tout?
B: Non, donnez-moi aussi du raisin.
A: Du blanc? Il n.est pas cher! C.est 20 francs le kilo.
B: Bon, alors, un kilo, s.il vous plaît... C.est tout.
Offre d’un supermarché
Profitez de la semaine.
Une bouteille de jus d.orange Pampryl, 1euro 93.
Deux tubes de dentifrice Tonigencyl 2 euros 45.
Une boîte de trois sachets de puré Mousline 2 euros 37.
Un paquet de céréales Plopsies 3 euros 41.
Un lot de plaquette de beurre Président 2 euros 59.
Trois tablettes de chocolat 2 euros 89.
Les magasins:
- le magasin de vêtements
- le magasin de chaussures
- le magasin d'articles de sport
- le magasin de disques
- la parfumerie
- la librairie
- la papeterie
- la pharmacie
- le coiffeur
- le kiosque à journaux
- l'opticien
- le bureau de tabac
- le supermarché
- le hypermarché
- le grand magasin
- le centre commercial
- le marché
- la boucherie
- la boulangerie
- la pâtisserie
- l'épicerie
- la charcuterie
- la poissonnerie
- le marchand de fruits et légumes
- la crémerie
- le fleuriste
- la droguerie
- la quincaillerie (železářství)
- la mercerie (galanterie)
- la bijouterie
- la boutique
Questions:
Est-ce que vous aimer faire des achats?
Combien par mois faitez-vous vos courses?
Esc-ce que vous aimez acheter des vetements?
Quand est-ce que vous faites vos achats? Vous préférez les faire pendant le week-end?
Quel est votre magasin préféré? Pourquoi?
Ou est-ce que vous achetez des légumes? Au marché?
Que pensez-vous du métier d’une vendeuse? Est – il difficile?
pátek 1. dubna 2011
KAJ Shopping
Vocabulary:
go shopping-jít nakupovat,
do (some) shopping – nakupovat, dělat nákupy,
buy- koupit, sell – prodávat,
customer-zákazník, client – klient, zákazník
pick up a basket - vzít nákupní košík
push a troley – tlačit vozík
choose the goods - vybírat zboží
cash desk – pokladna
cashier – pokladní, shop assistant – prodavač/ka
cheap levný expensive drahý
pay in cash – platit v hotovosti
pay by a credit card – platit kreditní kartou
pay by cheque – platit šekem,
spend money on ... – utrácet peníze za ...
account – účet, cost – stát(o ceně)
attend customers – obsluhovat zákazníky
shelf, bookshelf – regál, aisle – ulička mezi regály, counter - pult
marketplace –pouliční trh,
self-service-shop -samoobsluha,
supermarket – samoobsluha
hypermarket - hypermarket
department store -obchodní dům
price – cena price cut - sleva price tag - cenovka label - visačka
shopping centre, shopping mall -nákupní centrum
stock – sklad, zásoba na skladě
Dairy products -mlékárna
Bakery -pekařství
Grocery, the grocer´s -potraviny, smíšené zboží
Greengrocer´s- zelinářství
Butcher´s- řeznictví
Delicatessen-lahůdkářství
Confectioner´s- cukrárna
Florist´s – květinářství
Chemist´s –drogerie
Shoe shop-obchod s obuví
Men´s and women´s wear – pánská a dámská konfekce,
Stationery- papírnictví,
Bookshop- knihkupectví
run out, sold out – vyprodaný
queue – fronta, wrap - zabalit
thief, shoplifter – zloděj, steal - ukrást
pickpocket – kapesní zloděj
Tobacco shop – trafika
sale – (vý)prodej
to go window shopping – obcházet obchody bez nakupování
What can I do for you? Can I help you? Čím vám posloužím?
I am just looking. Jen se dívám.
I need some stamps. Potřebuji nějaké známky.
How much is this cake? Kolik stojí tento dort?
Anything else? Ještě něco?
No, that’s all, thank you. Ne, to je vše, děkuji.
Pay at the cash desk, please. Zaplaťte prosím u pokladny.
Shopping
Retailing is the business of selling products to the general public. Most retailers sell from shops or stores. Nowadays, countries have large retail chains. In the CR it is e.g. . Kaufland, Billa, Albert, Hypernova... Their outlets are often in shopping centres where there are many large stores under one roof. Large retailers have also well-known hypermarkets or superstores which are usually situated all around the countries. Hypermarkets are over 30 000 square meters large and superstores under 30 000 square meters.
Department stores
Department stores are large shops, which sell a wide variety of products. They are large buildings usually several stores high. They have lots of departments (foodstaff, shoes, restaurant, bookshop...) all under one roof. Harrods is the best known department store in London. In Prague we have for example Kotva or Bílá labuť.
Let‘s describe the standard design of stores. The main entrance is usually on the left because people have a natural reflex to move to the right. Inside the entrance there are usually fruits and vegetables. It seems to be important for the store, because it gives the store a healthy image. The meat counter is often at the back of the store. There are 2 reasons for this: the first is that meat needs a storage and preparation area. The other is that shoppers come to buy it regularly and on their way they will see many other products.
Basic products are rarely positioned next to each other. For example, the coffee is in the first aisle but sugar is in the fourth aisle near the checkout. The leader known brands are at the top of shelf. We can notice that at the eye-level there are always more famous brands of products because buyers can notice them easily. Research has shown that these products have the highest sales.
As these stores are so big, they are able to lower the prices quite a lot and to make them cheaper than smaller shops.
Paying
We have different ways of paying for goods. Most often people pay in cash. Credit cards are also widely accepted. People usually pay by a credit card when they have a big purchase. We also pay in instalments when we want to buy for example TVs or cars. Cash on delivery is often used when we order something on the Internet. And of course we mustn’t forget paying by a cheque.
go shopping-jít nakupovat,
do (some) shopping – nakupovat, dělat nákupy,
buy- koupit, sell – prodávat,
customer-zákazník, client – klient, zákazník
pick up a basket - vzít nákupní košík
push a troley – tlačit vozík
choose the goods - vybírat zboží
cash desk – pokladna
cashier – pokladní, shop assistant – prodavač/ka
cheap levný expensive drahý
pay in cash – platit v hotovosti
pay by a credit card – platit kreditní kartou
pay by cheque – platit šekem,
spend money on ... – utrácet peníze za ...
account – účet, cost – stát(o ceně)
attend customers – obsluhovat zákazníky
shelf, bookshelf – regál, aisle – ulička mezi regály, counter - pult
marketplace –pouliční trh,
self-service-shop -samoobsluha,
supermarket – samoobsluha
hypermarket - hypermarket
department store -obchodní dům
price – cena price cut - sleva price tag - cenovka label - visačka
shopping centre, shopping mall -nákupní centrum
stock – sklad, zásoba na skladě
Dairy products -mlékárna
Bakery -pekařství
Grocery, the grocer´s -potraviny, smíšené zboží
Greengrocer´s- zelinářství
Butcher´s- řeznictví
Delicatessen-lahůdkářství
Confectioner´s- cukrárna
Florist´s – květinářství
Chemist´s –drogerie
Shoe shop-obchod s obuví
Men´s and women´s wear – pánská a dámská konfekce,
Stationery- papírnictví,
Bookshop- knihkupectví
run out, sold out – vyprodaný
queue – fronta, wrap - zabalit
thief, shoplifter – zloděj, steal - ukrást
pickpocket – kapesní zloděj
Tobacco shop – trafika
sale – (vý)prodej
to go window shopping – obcházet obchody bez nakupování
What can I do for you? Can I help you? Čím vám posloužím?
I am just looking. Jen se dívám.
I need some stamps. Potřebuji nějaké známky.
How much is this cake? Kolik stojí tento dort?
Anything else? Ještě něco?
No, that’s all, thank you. Ne, to je vše, děkuji.
Pay at the cash desk, please. Zaplaťte prosím u pokladny.
Shopping
Retailing is the business of selling products to the general public. Most retailers sell from shops or stores. Nowadays, countries have large retail chains. In the CR it is e.g. . Kaufland, Billa, Albert, Hypernova... Their outlets are often in shopping centres where there are many large stores under one roof. Large retailers have also well-known hypermarkets or superstores which are usually situated all around the countries. Hypermarkets are over 30 000 square meters large and superstores under 30 000 square meters.
Department stores
Department stores are large shops, which sell a wide variety of products. They are large buildings usually several stores high. They have lots of departments (foodstaff, shoes, restaurant, bookshop...) all under one roof. Harrods is the best known department store in London. In Prague we have for example Kotva or Bílá labuť.
Let‘s describe the standard design of stores. The main entrance is usually on the left because people have a natural reflex to move to the right. Inside the entrance there are usually fruits and vegetables. It seems to be important for the store, because it gives the store a healthy image. The meat counter is often at the back of the store. There are 2 reasons for this: the first is that meat needs a storage and preparation area. The other is that shoppers come to buy it regularly and on their way they will see many other products.
Basic products are rarely positioned next to each other. For example, the coffee is in the first aisle but sugar is in the fourth aisle near the checkout. The leader known brands are at the top of shelf. We can notice that at the eye-level there are always more famous brands of products because buyers can notice them easily. Research has shown that these products have the highest sales.
As these stores are so big, they are able to lower the prices quite a lot and to make them cheaper than smaller shops.
Paying
We have different ways of paying for goods. Most often people pay in cash. Credit cards are also widely accepted. People usually pay by a credit card when they have a big purchase. We also pay in instalments when we want to buy for example TVs or cars. Cash on delivery is often used when we order something on the Internet. And of course we mustn’t forget paying by a cheque.
KFJ Les sports
Vocabulaire:
střelba le tir à l'arc diving la plongée
basebal le base-ball cycling le cyclisme
basketbal le basket(ball) football le football
cyklistika le cyclisme box la boxe
běžkování le ski de randonnée/fond
sjezd le ski de descente/piste
rybolov la pêche golf le golf
hokej le hockey (sur glace) wrestling la lutte
jogging le jogging kolečkové brusle le patin à roulettes
plachtění la voile bruslení le patinage
lyžování le ski soccer le foot(ball)
plavání la natation tenis le tennis
volejbal le volley(ball) vodní lyže le ski nautique
Qui veut etre en plaine forme, fait le sport. Le sport est une chose individuelle - chacun doit savoir s'il veut le pratiquer et combien de temps (par une certaine periode) veut-il consacrer au sport.
Un Français sur trois pratique un sport individuel. Pour garder la forme on pratique le jogging, la gymnastique, la relaxation, l aérobic, la natation ou faire du vélo.
L évenement sportif français sans doute le plus connu a l' étranger est le Tour de France cycliste. Le Tour de France qu 'on appelle aussi la Grande Boucle, attire beaucoup de spectateurs. Cette course est organisée au mois de juillet, a une vingtaine d'étapes et passe a travers la France. Elle est longue de 3000 kilometres et se termine sur les Champs-Elysées. A l' hiver, on patine ou on va a la montagne pour faire du ski.
Les sports d' équipe qui attirent toujours les Français sont: le football, le handball, le volley-ball, le rogby, le tennis.
Parmi tous les sports d' équipe le football vient en premier. Les meilleures équipes professionnelles sont Paris St Germain, Lens (un des joueurs de cette équipe est notre V. Šmicer), l' Olympique de Marseille, St Etienne, Bordeaux, Monaco et Nantes. Quand deux de ces équipes se rencontrent, les spectateurs remplissent les stades pour assister a un grand match. Le football est tres populaire en France. La finale de la Coupe de France a lieu en mai, traditionnellement en présence du Président de la République. La France confirme ses qualités de football a la Coupe du monde en France. La France a déja devenu le champion du monde et des joueurs français les héros nationaux.
střelba le tir à l'arc diving la plongée
basebal le base-ball cycling le cyclisme
basketbal le basket(ball) football le football
cyklistika le cyclisme box la boxe
běžkování le ski de randonnée/fond
sjezd le ski de descente/piste
rybolov la pêche golf le golf
hokej le hockey (sur glace) wrestling la lutte
jogging le jogging kolečkové brusle le patin à roulettes
plachtění la voile bruslení le patinage
lyžování le ski soccer le foot(ball)
plavání la natation tenis le tennis
volejbal le volley(ball) vodní lyže le ski nautique
Qui veut etre en plaine forme, fait le sport. Le sport est une chose individuelle - chacun doit savoir s'il veut le pratiquer et combien de temps (par une certaine periode) veut-il consacrer au sport.
Un Français sur trois pratique un sport individuel. Pour garder la forme on pratique le jogging, la gymnastique, la relaxation, l aérobic, la natation ou faire du vélo.
L évenement sportif français sans doute le plus connu a l' étranger est le Tour de France cycliste. Le Tour de France qu 'on appelle aussi la Grande Boucle, attire beaucoup de spectateurs. Cette course est organisée au mois de juillet, a une vingtaine d'étapes et passe a travers la France. Elle est longue de 3000 kilometres et se termine sur les Champs-Elysées. A l' hiver, on patine ou on va a la montagne pour faire du ski.
Les sports d' équipe qui attirent toujours les Français sont: le football, le handball, le volley-ball, le rogby, le tennis.
Parmi tous les sports d' équipe le football vient en premier. Les meilleures équipes professionnelles sont Paris St Germain, Lens (un des joueurs de cette équipe est notre V. Šmicer), l' Olympique de Marseille, St Etienne, Bordeaux, Monaco et Nantes. Quand deux de ces équipes se rencontrent, les spectateurs remplissent les stades pour assister a un grand match. Le football est tres populaire en France. La finale de la Coupe de France a lieu en mai, traditionnellement en présence du Président de la République. La France confirme ses qualités de football a la Coupe du monde en France. La France a déja devenu le champion du monde et des joueurs français les héros nationaux.
pondělí 14. března 2011
KAJ Sports and games
Vocabulary:
šachy chess tenis tennis
volejbal volleyball hokej ice hockey
basket basketball golf golf
běhání jogging bojové sporty martial arts
lyžování skiing bruslení skating
in-line bruslení in-line skating
míč ball trampolína trampoline
tělocvična gymnasium
Sports and games
Sports are very good for active relaxation and are important for our physical and mental health. There are lots of types of sports and games. We can practise out- door or indoor sports, do sports in water or anywhere we want.
Outdoor sports and games are as follows: golf, skiing (cross - country, down - hill, slalom, ski - jump), skating, tobogganing, bobsledding, marathon - running, jogging, fishing, climbing, hiking or tourism, mountaineering, rallies, polo, cycling, in-line skating, hunting, archery, motor racing, jogging, horse riding and horse - racing.
Indoors sports and games include: table tennis, gymnastics, chess, bowling, badminton, billiard, boxing, wrestling, weight lifting, fencing and judo. Ball games, athletics, tennis, shooting, skateboarding, skating (figure skating, ice hockey, curling may be practised both outdoor and indoor).
There are also aquatic (water) sports: water skiing, swimming (we can swim free style (the crawl), backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), diving, water polo, yachting, canoeing, rowing, and windsurfing. Ball games are popular all around the world - basketball, volleyball, association football (called soccer in America), American football, rugby football, hockey, squash, baseball, softball, netball, tennis, and handball.
There are many kinds of athletics: high, long jump, triple jump, pole vault, throwing the hammer (hammer throw), putting the weight, javelin throw, discus throw, walking races, running, sprinting, medium and long distance running, marathon running hurdle races.
Many sports have their origins in Britain that is why Britain is sometimes called the cradle of sports. Two types of rugby, modern game of hockey, cricket, darts, tennis and boxing were invented in Britain. Golf has its origins in Scotland. Very popular sports are: cricket, football, golf, cricket has never been adopted in foreign countries. It
is intensively played only in the United Kingdom, Australia and some other Commonwealth countries. The major sports events in Britain are Wimbledon (the Grand Slam Tennis Tournament), the British Open Golf Championship, The Grand National in Liverpool (it is the best known horse-race steeplechase).
Typical American sports and games are : baseball, American football, netball (it s an outdoor version of basketball), lacrosse. Baseball is the most popular professional game in the USA. Baseball has probably originated from the English cricket before the middle of the 19th century. Lacrosse is derived from an American Indian game and there are many variants in the rules. Every year there are a lot of sports events. The most important of them are summer and winter Olympic games. It is the first sport festival, which took a place in Greece on 776 B.C. The Olympics were held every four years in Olympia. During them no war was to be led. And now they are also held every four years, but their summer and winter parts are changed once every two years.
A good sportsman must be healthy (though there are also sports events for the handicapped), and non-smoker. He should do
everything to excel in his sport, listen to his coach and devote most of his/her
leisure time to it. He/she must train very hard and should have a fair character.
Lots of people take part in sports activities, millions of them like to attend matches, watch television or listen to them on the radio.
If somebody wants to be fit, it s good do some kind of sport, e.g. swimming, cycling, jogging, walking at every available opportunity, etc. It is very important to exercise regularly, at least three times a week.
Sport is a physical activity and it is one of the most popular leisure time activity. This is mainly due to the fact that they help you to keep fit both physically and mentally. Such a form of relaxation as sports is refreshing, it can help take off some weight, and improve your skills and strength. Last but not least, during sports events one can meet a lot of new people and see how it feels to be a winner or a loser.
The most popular sports are football (in Europe, and Brazil), basketball (especially in USA), rugby (in England, and in USA like American football), hockey (everywhere). One of the most popular sports is also athletics. Athletics include for example 100-metre run, 10,000 metre walk, 110 metre hurdles, 3000 steeple chase, 400 metre relay, marathon, high/long/triple/pole vault jump, discus/hammer/javelin throw, shot put, decathlon etc.
The greatest celebrations of sport are the Olympic games. The Olympics were already held in ancient Greece. At the time they put emphasis on the ideal of an all-round developed person. Pierre de Coubertin renewed the Olympics about a hundred years ago and today as well as in ancient times they take place every four years. Since 1924 there are two parts to the games - the winter part and the summer part, which alternate every two years.
A special kind of sport is ballroom dancing. Many people think that dance is only a free-time activity, and that dance is very simple but it isn't so. Dance is very nice but also very demanding, expensive and time-consuming activity. Dance is demanding because you must bust be perfect, when you want be successful on competition; expensive because the fee is high (include the salary for lector and letting of the hall or gymnasium), you must participate on the concentrations, you must have special dance shoes and when you participate on the competition, you must have special dance cloths - different for Standard dances and Latin dances, for example, clothes for standard daces costs at least about 10 000 Crowns, and you must have every year new; and time-consuming. Ballroom dancing has two parts: standard-dances which include waltz, Wiener waltz, tango, slow foxtrot and quickstep; and Latin-dances which include cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive and paso doble.
šachy chess tenis tennis
volejbal volleyball hokej ice hockey
basket basketball golf golf
běhání jogging bojové sporty martial arts
lyžování skiing bruslení skating
in-line bruslení in-line skating
míč ball trampolína trampoline
tělocvična gymnasium
Sports and games
Sports are very good for active relaxation and are important for our physical and mental health. There are lots of types of sports and games. We can practise out- door or indoor sports, do sports in water or anywhere we want.
Outdoor sports and games are as follows: golf, skiing (cross - country, down - hill, slalom, ski - jump), skating, tobogganing, bobsledding, marathon - running, jogging, fishing, climbing, hiking or tourism, mountaineering, rallies, polo, cycling, in-line skating, hunting, archery, motor racing, jogging, horse riding and horse - racing.
Indoors sports and games include: table tennis, gymnastics, chess, bowling, badminton, billiard, boxing, wrestling, weight lifting, fencing and judo. Ball games, athletics, tennis, shooting, skateboarding, skating (figure skating, ice hockey, curling may be practised both outdoor and indoor).
There are also aquatic (water) sports: water skiing, swimming (we can swim free style (the crawl), backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), diving, water polo, yachting, canoeing, rowing, and windsurfing. Ball games are popular all around the world - basketball, volleyball, association football (called soccer in America), American football, rugby football, hockey, squash, baseball, softball, netball, tennis, and handball.
There are many kinds of athletics: high, long jump, triple jump, pole vault, throwing the hammer (hammer throw), putting the weight, javelin throw, discus throw, walking races, running, sprinting, medium and long distance running, marathon running hurdle races.
Many sports have their origins in Britain that is why Britain is sometimes called the cradle of sports. Two types of rugby, modern game of hockey, cricket, darts, tennis and boxing were invented in Britain. Golf has its origins in Scotland. Very popular sports are: cricket, football, golf, cricket has never been adopted in foreign countries. It
is intensively played only in the United Kingdom, Australia and some other Commonwealth countries. The major sports events in Britain are Wimbledon (the Grand Slam Tennis Tournament), the British Open Golf Championship, The Grand National in Liverpool (it is the best known horse-race steeplechase).
Typical American sports and games are : baseball, American football, netball (it s an outdoor version of basketball), lacrosse. Baseball is the most popular professional game in the USA. Baseball has probably originated from the English cricket before the middle of the 19th century. Lacrosse is derived from an American Indian game and there are many variants in the rules. Every year there are a lot of sports events. The most important of them are summer and winter Olympic games. It is the first sport festival, which took a place in Greece on 776 B.C. The Olympics were held every four years in Olympia. During them no war was to be led. And now they are also held every four years, but their summer and winter parts are changed once every two years.
A good sportsman must be healthy (though there are also sports events for the handicapped), and non-smoker. He should do
everything to excel in his sport, listen to his coach and devote most of his/her
leisure time to it. He/she must train very hard and should have a fair character.
Lots of people take part in sports activities, millions of them like to attend matches, watch television or listen to them on the radio.
If somebody wants to be fit, it s good do some kind of sport, e.g. swimming, cycling, jogging, walking at every available opportunity, etc. It is very important to exercise regularly, at least three times a week.
Sport is a physical activity and it is one of the most popular leisure time activity. This is mainly due to the fact that they help you to keep fit both physically and mentally. Such a form of relaxation as sports is refreshing, it can help take off some weight, and improve your skills and strength. Last but not least, during sports events one can meet a lot of new people and see how it feels to be a winner or a loser.
The most popular sports are football (in Europe, and Brazil), basketball (especially in USA), rugby (in England, and in USA like American football), hockey (everywhere). One of the most popular sports is also athletics. Athletics include for example 100-metre run, 10,000 metre walk, 110 metre hurdles, 3000 steeple chase, 400 metre relay, marathon, high/long/triple/pole vault jump, discus/hammer/javelin throw, shot put, decathlon etc.
The greatest celebrations of sport are the Olympic games. The Olympics were already held in ancient Greece. At the time they put emphasis on the ideal of an all-round developed person. Pierre de Coubertin renewed the Olympics about a hundred years ago and today as well as in ancient times they take place every four years. Since 1924 there are two parts to the games - the winter part and the summer part, which alternate every two years.
A special kind of sport is ballroom dancing. Many people think that dance is only a free-time activity, and that dance is very simple but it isn't so. Dance is very nice but also very demanding, expensive and time-consuming activity. Dance is demanding because you must bust be perfect, when you want be successful on competition; expensive because the fee is high (include the salary for lector and letting of the hall or gymnasium), you must participate on the concentrations, you must have special dance shoes and when you participate on the competition, you must have special dance cloths - different for Standard dances and Latin dances, for example, clothes for standard daces costs at least about 10 000 Crowns, and you must have every year new; and time-consuming. Ballroom dancing has two parts: standard-dances which include waltz, Wiener waltz, tango, slow foxtrot and quickstep; and Latin-dances which include cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive and paso doble.
KFJ Enseignement
Vocabulaire:
algebra l'algèbre
počty l'arithmétique biologie la biologie
chemie la chimie zeměpis la géographie
geometrie la géométrie matematika les mathématiques
fyzika la physique la comptabilité účetnitcví
historie l'histoire sociologie la sociologie
hudba la musique umění l'art
tělocvik la gymnastique vzdělání l'éducation
ekonomika l'économie jazyky les langues
En France, l’instruction des enfants est gratuit, laïque et obligatoire. L’Etat fournit à tous les enfants de 6 à 16 ans la possibilité d’aller à l’école publique. Toutefois, ils existent également des écoles privées où les parents doivent payer pour placer leurs enfants. Le système scolaire française a, au cours des dernières années, subi de profondes modifications pour s’adapter à l’évolution sociale qui tendent à épanouir la personalité de l’enfant pour l’adapter à la vie nouvelle.
L’enseignement commençe à l’école maternelle - c’est l’enseignement pré-élémentaire et pas obligatoire. L’école élémentaire (6-11) comprend cinq classes: cours préparatoire, deux années de cours élémentaire et deux années de cours moyen. Au cours préparatoire l’enfant apprend à lire, à écrire, à compter. Il apprend à s’exprimer, mais aussi à écouter et à voir. L’éducation physique a un grand rôle. Au cycle élémentaire, l’enfant se perfectionne, lit plus vite, fait des dictées et de la grammaire. En même temps il commençe l’enseignement de l’histoire, de la géographie et des sciences. Puis ce sont les deux années du cycle moyen qui préparent à l’entrée au collège. Les programmes sont définis, les enfants doivent avoir des connaissances précises dans les matières appris et sont déjà initiés à l’informatique. A l’école primaire les enfants ont 27 heures par semaine qui sont réparties sur neuf demi-journées.
Après avoir terminé l’école élémentaire, 91% des élèves sont admis au collège en 6ème, 8% redoublent le CME et 1% vont en classe professionelle ou en classe préparatoire à l’apprentissage. Pour être admis au collège, qui est la première étape de l’enseignement secondaire, il suffit de remplir un dossier d’admission au collège avant les vacances de printemps. Il faut de choisir la première langue étrangère - on peut choisir entre l’anglais, l’allemand ou l’espagnol. En quatrième presque tous les élèves commencent l’étude d’une deuxième langue étrangère. Le premier cycle de second degré est assuré à tous les enfants de 11 à 15 ans. Ces 4 années sont réparties en deux cycles:
Le cycle d’observation (classe 6e et 5e) - tous les élves reçoivent le même enseignement.
Le cycle d’orientation (4e et 3e) - à côté des ensignements communs, les élves choisissent des enseignement complémentaires appelés options (générales ou technologique).
A la fin de troisième ils passent leur brevet. S’ils reussissent, ils peuvent continuer leurs études au lycée, lycée technique ou lycée profesionnel, ou bien ils peuvent suivre une formation technique sans baccalauréat.
Ceux qui ont après 4e ou 5e decidé de ne pas continuer peuvent y préparér en 3 ans et après le troisième reçevoir un Certificat d’aptitude profesionelle (CAP). Ceux qui ont terminé de 3e du lyccé peuvent dans un LEP (lycée d’enseignement profesionnel) après deux années obtenir un Brevet d’études profesionnelles (BEP) - c’est le second cycle court.
Le second cycle long, ce sont les élèves issus des collèges, qui après orientation sont admis à préparer en trois ans (de 15 à 18-19 ans) un baccalauréat ou un Brevet de Technicen - c’est la seconde, première et terminal. Les lycéens sont orientés en terminal vers différents sections. Le baccalauréat termine l’ensignement secondaire et on peut entrer en enseignement supérieur. Aux universités - dont les origines remontent au Moyen Age - s’ajoute un réseau très diversifié d ‘Etablissements spécialisés et de Grandes Ecoles.
Après avoir passer le baccalauréat, le bachelier peut s’inscrire à l’université. L’inscription s’effectue directement ou par correspondance. L’université la plus connue et la plus ancienne est la Sorbonne de Paris.
Par contre, le système des Grandes Ecoles repose sur la sélection par le concours d’entrée. Après le baccalauréat, les candidats doivent suivre des cours préparatoires intensifs qui conduisent à des concours très difficiles où ne réussit qu’une petite proportion de candidats. La Grande Ecole la plus prestigieuse est toujours l’Ecole Polytechnique, créée par Napoléon.
On distingue trois types d’études universitaires:
1) Les études technologuique en IUT - Les Instituts Univarsitaires de Technologie, rattachés aux universités, dispensent en deux ans une formation générale et technologuique, sanctionnée par le Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT)
2) Les études universitaire générales - l’enseignement ici est organisé en trois cycles d’études successifs, chacun d’eux étant sanctionné par un ou plusieurs diplôms
3) Les établissements specialisés - dispensent une formation profesionnelle de haut niveau.
Les Grandes Ecoles ont acquis parmi les Etablissements d’enseignement supérieur une place privilegée. Elles assurent un enseignement de très haut qualité et offrent une voie très recherchée.
L’année scolaire dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire est divisés en trois trimestres. L’évaluation repose sur le système de points (de 0 à 20). Il est très rare qu’un élève obtienne 20 points. Le bulletin trimestriel est avant tout une information sur la qualité de son travail trimestriel. Chaque professeur y écrit non seulement la note mais surtout son appréciation verbale.
algebra l'algèbre
počty l'arithmétique biologie la biologie
chemie la chimie zeměpis la géographie
geometrie la géométrie matematika les mathématiques
fyzika la physique la comptabilité účetnitcví
historie l'histoire sociologie la sociologie
hudba la musique umění l'art
tělocvik la gymnastique vzdělání l'éducation
ekonomika l'économie jazyky les langues
En France, l’instruction des enfants est gratuit, laïque et obligatoire. L’Etat fournit à tous les enfants de 6 à 16 ans la possibilité d’aller à l’école publique. Toutefois, ils existent également des écoles privées où les parents doivent payer pour placer leurs enfants. Le système scolaire française a, au cours des dernières années, subi de profondes modifications pour s’adapter à l’évolution sociale qui tendent à épanouir la personalité de l’enfant pour l’adapter à la vie nouvelle.
L’enseignement commençe à l’école maternelle - c’est l’enseignement pré-élémentaire et pas obligatoire. L’école élémentaire (6-11) comprend cinq classes: cours préparatoire, deux années de cours élémentaire et deux années de cours moyen. Au cours préparatoire l’enfant apprend à lire, à écrire, à compter. Il apprend à s’exprimer, mais aussi à écouter et à voir. L’éducation physique a un grand rôle. Au cycle élémentaire, l’enfant se perfectionne, lit plus vite, fait des dictées et de la grammaire. En même temps il commençe l’enseignement de l’histoire, de la géographie et des sciences. Puis ce sont les deux années du cycle moyen qui préparent à l’entrée au collège. Les programmes sont définis, les enfants doivent avoir des connaissances précises dans les matières appris et sont déjà initiés à l’informatique. A l’école primaire les enfants ont 27 heures par semaine qui sont réparties sur neuf demi-journées.
Après avoir terminé l’école élémentaire, 91% des élèves sont admis au collège en 6ème, 8% redoublent le CME et 1% vont en classe professionelle ou en classe préparatoire à l’apprentissage. Pour être admis au collège, qui est la première étape de l’enseignement secondaire, il suffit de remplir un dossier d’admission au collège avant les vacances de printemps. Il faut de choisir la première langue étrangère - on peut choisir entre l’anglais, l’allemand ou l’espagnol. En quatrième presque tous les élèves commencent l’étude d’une deuxième langue étrangère. Le premier cycle de second degré est assuré à tous les enfants de 11 à 15 ans. Ces 4 années sont réparties en deux cycles:
Le cycle d’observation (classe 6e et 5e) - tous les élves reçoivent le même enseignement.
Le cycle d’orientation (4e et 3e) - à côté des ensignements communs, les élves choisissent des enseignement complémentaires appelés options (générales ou technologique).
A la fin de troisième ils passent leur brevet. S’ils reussissent, ils peuvent continuer leurs études au lycée, lycée technique ou lycée profesionnel, ou bien ils peuvent suivre une formation technique sans baccalauréat.
Ceux qui ont après 4e ou 5e decidé de ne pas continuer peuvent y préparér en 3 ans et après le troisième reçevoir un Certificat d’aptitude profesionelle (CAP). Ceux qui ont terminé de 3e du lyccé peuvent dans un LEP (lycée d’enseignement profesionnel) après deux années obtenir un Brevet d’études profesionnelles (BEP) - c’est le second cycle court.
Le second cycle long, ce sont les élèves issus des collèges, qui après orientation sont admis à préparer en trois ans (de 15 à 18-19 ans) un baccalauréat ou un Brevet de Technicen - c’est la seconde, première et terminal. Les lycéens sont orientés en terminal vers différents sections. Le baccalauréat termine l’ensignement secondaire et on peut entrer en enseignement supérieur. Aux universités - dont les origines remontent au Moyen Age - s’ajoute un réseau très diversifié d ‘Etablissements spécialisés et de Grandes Ecoles.
Après avoir passer le baccalauréat, le bachelier peut s’inscrire à l’université. L’inscription s’effectue directement ou par correspondance. L’université la plus connue et la plus ancienne est la Sorbonne de Paris.
Par contre, le système des Grandes Ecoles repose sur la sélection par le concours d’entrée. Après le baccalauréat, les candidats doivent suivre des cours préparatoires intensifs qui conduisent à des concours très difficiles où ne réussit qu’une petite proportion de candidats. La Grande Ecole la plus prestigieuse est toujours l’Ecole Polytechnique, créée par Napoléon.
On distingue trois types d’études universitaires:
1) Les études technologuique en IUT - Les Instituts Univarsitaires de Technologie, rattachés aux universités, dispensent en deux ans une formation générale et technologuique, sanctionnée par le Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT)
2) Les études universitaire générales - l’enseignement ici est organisé en trois cycles d’études successifs, chacun d’eux étant sanctionné par un ou plusieurs diplôms
3) Les établissements specialisés - dispensent une formation profesionnelle de haut niveau.
Les Grandes Ecoles ont acquis parmi les Etablissements d’enseignement supérieur une place privilegée. Elles assurent un enseignement de très haut qualité et offrent une voie très recherchée.
L’année scolaire dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire est divisés en trois trimestres. L’évaluation repose sur le système de points (de 0 à 20). Il est très rare qu’un élève obtienne 20 points. Le bulletin trimestriel est avant tout une information sur la qualité de son travail trimestriel. Chaque professeur y écrit non seulement la note mais surtout son appréciation verbale.
KAJ Education in Great Britain and the USA
Vocabulary:
At school - ve škole, the school building - školní budova, the headmaster's - ředitelna, the staff room - sborovna, the secretary's office - sekretariát, a gymnasium - tělocvična, a hall - aula, a dinning hall - jídelna, a corridor - chodba, a basic school - základní škola, a comprehensive school - všeobecná škola, a grammar school - střední škola, a commercial (business) academy - obchodní akademie,
a notice board - nástěnka, a blackboard - tabule, a desk - lavice, headmaster - ředitel, classmate, a schoolmate - spolužák, a lesson - hodina, subjects(předměty) physical education - tělesná výchova, maths, languages, biology, history, geography, arts and music, chemistry, physics, pay attention - dávat pozor, disturb - vyrušovat, final examination, school-leaving examination - závěrečná zkouška, to graduate from university - promovat
System of education in Great Britain
Children under 5 years attend Nursery schools. These schools are optional (volitelný).
All children between the ages of 5 and 16 must receive full-time education in England and Wales. Boys and girls are taught together at most schools. At secondary level most pupils - at the age of 11-can go to comprehensive (všeobec.), secondary technical schools or grammar schools. The majority of children (80%) attend comprehensive schools. Grammar schools are selective (výběrový) - so children must pass an examination (zkouška) to enter them. Majority of parents send their children to state schools, because these schools are unpaid. But there are private schools, too. It is for example Eton, Harrow, Rugby etc. These schools are usually very expensive, but they often offer scholarships (stipendium) to gifted children from poor families.
Secondary schools in Scotland are called public schools. It means that they are open to everyone. Children move from primary to secondary schools at 12, not 11 as in England.
The National Curriculum (osnova) is based on 3 core (hlavní) subjects: English, mathematics and science together with 7 other subjects: history, geography, music, art, physical education, technology and a modern foreign language. It has been done in this way, because earlier many pupils tended to drop important subjects like science, technology and foreign languages and specialize too early.
And in Wales, the Welsh language has to be taught as a forth core subject in Welsh-speaking schools. At the age of 16 pupils pass the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). The compulsory subjects are English, mathematics and science. Than about two thirds (2/3) of pupils leave school and get jobs. At the age of 18 students pass the A-level exam, it's a standard examination for entrance to university. There is new exam called Advanced Supplementary (AS), which enables (umožnit) to increase (zvýšit) the number of subjects studied.
Higher education covers (zaujímá) all post-schools courses above GCSE A level. Britain has 47 universities, including Open University. The Open University uses television, radio, correspondence courses and summer schools and it is often for older students, who couldn't go to university in the past, but it's only part-time and fee-paid. The most famous and the oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and Cambridge, often called the Oxbridge colleges. They were built in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen were built in the 14th and 15th centuries; the other universities were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1858 the University of Cambridge established UNCLES (the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate). Today are these examinations recognized (uznávané) throughout the world. In CZ they are promoted (podporovaný) by the British Council, which helps with teaching and learning English for foreign students and teachers.
Full-time university first degree courses usually last three or four years (except veterinary and medical courses that last 5 years). The main qualifications are Bachelor of Arts (B. A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) etc. It's usual that for example student of foreign language spends a year in a country where that language is spoken or in industrial location to gen practical experience. Some students continue to study for Masters Degrees (M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil.) and this usually last 1 or 2 years of full-time study. A minority of students go on further for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Education in the USA
In USA there are two sort of schools too. Public, which are free and private schools. In american education students aren´t evaluated by marks but by grades from A to F. A is the best and F is the worst. The youngest children from 3 to 6 go to pre-schools. 6 years old children start to go to elementary school. This school lasts from the first grade until the fifth grade. The children in this school learn to read, write, history, arts, music and so on there.
Secondary schools are called High schools. You can start studying there when you are 11.Secondary schools in USA have got worse level then the Czech schools. The school leaving qualification is usually the High School Diploma.This exam isn´t compulsory. Students take this exam when they are 18. Another examination in America is SAT ( Scholastic Aptitude Test), which can be taken in Mathematic and English. After SAT students can enter a university or a college. In USA there are lots of well-know universities, for example Hardvard, Yale, Princeton and so on. These universities are very expensive. Students in USA don´t get money from their parents so they have to start working when they want to study.
At school - ve škole, the school building - školní budova, the headmaster's - ředitelna, the staff room - sborovna, the secretary's office - sekretariát, a gymnasium - tělocvična, a hall - aula, a dinning hall - jídelna, a corridor - chodba, a basic school - základní škola, a comprehensive school - všeobecná škola, a grammar school - střední škola, a commercial (business) academy - obchodní akademie,
a notice board - nástěnka, a blackboard - tabule, a desk - lavice, headmaster - ředitel, classmate, a schoolmate - spolužák, a lesson - hodina, subjects(předměty) physical education - tělesná výchova, maths, languages, biology, history, geography, arts and music, chemistry, physics, pay attention - dávat pozor, disturb - vyrušovat, final examination, school-leaving examination - závěrečná zkouška, to graduate from university - promovat
System of education in Great Britain
Children under 5 years attend Nursery schools. These schools are optional (volitelný).
All children between the ages of 5 and 16 must receive full-time education in England and Wales. Boys and girls are taught together at most schools. At secondary level most pupils - at the age of 11-can go to comprehensive (všeobec.), secondary technical schools or grammar schools. The majority of children (80%) attend comprehensive schools. Grammar schools are selective (výběrový) - so children must pass an examination (zkouška) to enter them. Majority of parents send their children to state schools, because these schools are unpaid. But there are private schools, too. It is for example Eton, Harrow, Rugby etc. These schools are usually very expensive, but they often offer scholarships (stipendium) to gifted children from poor families.
Secondary schools in Scotland are called public schools. It means that they are open to everyone. Children move from primary to secondary schools at 12, not 11 as in England.
The National Curriculum (osnova) is based on 3 core (hlavní) subjects: English, mathematics and science together with 7 other subjects: history, geography, music, art, physical education, technology and a modern foreign language. It has been done in this way, because earlier many pupils tended to drop important subjects like science, technology and foreign languages and specialize too early.
And in Wales, the Welsh language has to be taught as a forth core subject in Welsh-speaking schools. At the age of 16 pupils pass the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). The compulsory subjects are English, mathematics and science. Than about two thirds (2/3) of pupils leave school and get jobs. At the age of 18 students pass the A-level exam, it's a standard examination for entrance to university. There is new exam called Advanced Supplementary (AS), which enables (umožnit) to increase (zvýšit) the number of subjects studied.
Higher education covers (zaujímá) all post-schools courses above GCSE A level. Britain has 47 universities, including Open University. The Open University uses television, radio, correspondence courses and summer schools and it is often for older students, who couldn't go to university in the past, but it's only part-time and fee-paid. The most famous and the oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and Cambridge, often called the Oxbridge colleges. They were built in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen were built in the 14th and 15th centuries; the other universities were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1858 the University of Cambridge established UNCLES (the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate). Today are these examinations recognized (uznávané) throughout the world. In CZ they are promoted (podporovaný) by the British Council, which helps with teaching and learning English for foreign students and teachers.
Full-time university first degree courses usually last three or four years (except veterinary and medical courses that last 5 years). The main qualifications are Bachelor of Arts (B. A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) etc. It's usual that for example student of foreign language spends a year in a country where that language is spoken or in industrial location to gen practical experience. Some students continue to study for Masters Degrees (M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil.) and this usually last 1 or 2 years of full-time study. A minority of students go on further for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Education in the USA
In USA there are two sort of schools too. Public, which are free and private schools. In american education students aren´t evaluated by marks but by grades from A to F. A is the best and F is the worst. The youngest children from 3 to 6 go to pre-schools. 6 years old children start to go to elementary school. This school lasts from the first grade until the fifth grade. The children in this school learn to read, write, history, arts, music and so on there.
Secondary schools are called High schools. You can start studying there when you are 11.Secondary schools in USA have got worse level then the Czech schools. The school leaving qualification is usually the High School Diploma.This exam isn´t compulsory. Students take this exam when they are 18. Another examination in America is SAT ( Scholastic Aptitude Test), which can be taken in Mathematic and English. After SAT students can enter a university or a college. In USA there are lots of well-know universities, for example Hardvard, Yale, Princeton and so on. These universities are very expensive. Students in USA don´t get money from their parents so they have to start working when they want to study.
KFJ Maison, logement
kuchyně la cuisine záclony les rideaux
koberec le tapis
polička na knihy l'étagère f.
ozdoba la décoration
obraz le tableau
hudební sbírka les disques m.
postel le lit
prostěradlo le drap
polštář l'oreiller ma.
přikrývka la couverture
peřina la couette
skříň l'armoire f.
budík le réveil
lampička la lampe de chevet
mýdlo le savon
zubní pasta le dentifrice
vana le bain
sprcha la douche
ručník la serviette
kartáček na zuby la brosse à dents
zrcadlo le miroir
šampon le shampoing
smeták la brosse
sporák la cuisinière
lednice le réfrigérateur le frigidaire; le frigo
kredenc le placard
konvice la bouilloire
dřez l'évier m.
kohoutek le robinet
myčka na nádobí le lave-vaisselle
nádobí la vaisselle
odpadkový koš la poubelle
koupelna la salle de bains
záchod les toilettes, les WC
ložnice la chambre à coucher
zahrada le jardin
garáž le garage
střecha le toit
komín la cheminée
pracovna le bureau
schody l'escalier m.
okno la fenêtre
obývák le salon
vchodové dveře la porte d'entrée
pohovka le canapé
televize la télévision
rádio la radio
Le logement est un thème très important, concernant tout le monde, peut-être seulement sauf les sans-abris. Il existe beaucoup de sortes du logement: maisons, appartements, studios, cité universitaires, hôtels, camping, tente.
Je pense qu´il est tres important où on habite. Nous pouvons choisir deux possibilités: habiter en ville ou à la campagne. Aujourd´hui les villages vivent un grand affluence des gens qui y construisent leurs maisons. Ca a quelques avantages et aussi quelques inconvénients. La plupart de gens travaillent? dans la ville et ça pose des problèmes avec le transport. On peut utiliser les autobus ou le train, mais c´est assez cher et en plus les trains et les autobus ne vont pas toujours quand on en a besoin. C´est pourquoi il est plus avantageux de posséder la voiture. Je pense que c´est indispensable. Le prix de pétrole est assez haut et c´est pourquoi le transport de voiture n´est pas peu coûteux. En général les frais pour le transport sont sûrment plus hauts que dans la ville. Un autre inconvénient, c´est l´entretien de la maison. Souvent on doit s´occuper même du jardin. Dans la maison on doit réparer des choses cassés: le toit qui a les trous, refaire les peintures, réparer un robinet qui coule, nettoyer un évier bouché, réparer un chauffe-eau. Il faut consacrer son temps pour ça et bien sûr il faut le payer. En plus on doit faire régulièrement des travaux autour de la maison: balayer, laver les vitrines, aroser le jardin, arracher des mauvaises herbes, en automne râteler les feuilles mortes, mettre les fruits ou les pommes de terre dans la cave. Si on nourrit les poules, les lapins ou le cochon on doit s´en occuper cotidiennement.
Mais la vie à la campagne a aussi les avantages: j´ai déjà parlé du jardin. Comme ça on peut cultiver des légumes et des fruits. Mais je pense que ce n´est pas très avantageux. Ca prend assez de temps et aussi assez d´argent. C´est la même chose avec lapins, poules ou cochons. Mais je comprends qu´il y a assez de gens qui aiment faire ça. Un autre avantage de la campagne c´est du calme, la nature. On peut mieux reposer, être en plein air, se promener dans le forêt.
Et la vie en vile? Il y a plusieurs avantages: il n´y pas de problèmes avec le transport, il y a plus de possibilités culturelles et plus d´occasions de trouver un bon poste. Par contre les prix des appartements et le loyer sont assez hauts. On peut choisir parmi des sortes différentes des appartements, ce sont par exemple: trois pièces-cuisine, deux pièces-cuisine, ou HLM ( cette abréviation signifie habitation à loyer modéré ). Les étudiants habitent souvent les studios - les appartement petits, qui n´ont pas la cuisine séparée. Sauf le loyer il faut payer encore les autres frais- l´éléctricité, le chauffage. Un autre inconvénient, c´est du bruit dans le centre. Ce qui me plaît plus, c´est d´habiter en banlieue. Je pense que ici on peut profiter des avantages de la campagne et même de la ville. Malheureusement les banlieues sont aujourd´hui pleines des maisons construites des panneaux. Toutes les maisons sont pareilles et elles ne sont pas très jolies. Par contre elles assurent les appartements pour un grand nombre de gens.
Et quel air a l´appartement moyen? Dans la plupart de maisons on peut utiliser l´ascenseur. On entre dans une entrée. On peut aller dans la cuisine ou tourner dans une chambre à coucher. Habituellement il y a aussi le balcon ou la loggia. Je pense qu´on passe beaucoup de temps dans la salle de séjour - on y regarde la télé. Chaque appartement a aussi une salle de bains, équipée par le lavabo, la baignoire et la douche.
Si on habite dans une maison , il y a plus d´espace. Il y a plus d´étages, ou au moins le comble, il y a aussi souvent le grenier et la cave. La maison est complétée par un garage. Des chambres sont pareilles comme dans un appartement mais il y en a souvent plus: 2 ou 3 chambres, la salle de séjour, la cuisine, la salle de bains, quelque fois encore le cabinet de travail ou la salle à manger.
Le dernier mode de logement, c´est le logement temporaire dans l´hôtel ou au camping. Quelle est la situations en france, concernant le logement dans les hôtels? Ils sont classés en fonction de leur confort de "sans étoile" à "4 étoiles". Plus d´étoiles, plus le prix est haut. Plus économiques sont les hôtels de chaînes. On eut se loger même dans une auberge de jeunesse ou à la campagne, dans une gite rural.
Il faut mentionner encore les gens qui n´ont pas de la maison. les S.D.F., c´est à dire sans domicile fixe. Ils ont besoin de l´aide. C´est pourquoi il y a des organisations qui leur assurent de la nourriture et du logement au moins en périodes de grands froids. En France ce sont Les Restaurants du Coeur, chez nous c´est par exemple L´Armée du Salut.
koberec le tapis
polička na knihy l'étagère f.
ozdoba la décoration
obraz le tableau
hudební sbírka les disques m.
postel le lit
prostěradlo le drap
polštář l'oreiller ma.
přikrývka la couverture
peřina la couette
skříň l'armoire f.
budík le réveil
lampička la lampe de chevet
mýdlo le savon
zubní pasta le dentifrice
vana le bain
sprcha la douche
ručník la serviette
kartáček na zuby la brosse à dents
zrcadlo le miroir
šampon le shampoing
smeták la brosse
sporák la cuisinière
lednice le réfrigérateur le frigidaire; le frigo
kredenc le placard
konvice la bouilloire
dřez l'évier m.
kohoutek le robinet
myčka na nádobí le lave-vaisselle
nádobí la vaisselle
odpadkový koš la poubelle
koupelna la salle de bains
záchod les toilettes, les WC
ložnice la chambre à coucher
zahrada le jardin
garáž le garage
střecha le toit
komín la cheminée
pracovna le bureau
schody l'escalier m.
okno la fenêtre
obývák le salon
vchodové dveře la porte d'entrée
pohovka le canapé
televize la télévision
rádio la radio
Le logement est un thème très important, concernant tout le monde, peut-être seulement sauf les sans-abris. Il existe beaucoup de sortes du logement: maisons, appartements, studios, cité universitaires, hôtels, camping, tente.
Je pense qu´il est tres important où on habite. Nous pouvons choisir deux possibilités: habiter en ville ou à la campagne. Aujourd´hui les villages vivent un grand affluence des gens qui y construisent leurs maisons. Ca a quelques avantages et aussi quelques inconvénients. La plupart de gens travaillent? dans la ville et ça pose des problèmes avec le transport. On peut utiliser les autobus ou le train, mais c´est assez cher et en plus les trains et les autobus ne vont pas toujours quand on en a besoin. C´est pourquoi il est plus avantageux de posséder la voiture. Je pense que c´est indispensable. Le prix de pétrole est assez haut et c´est pourquoi le transport de voiture n´est pas peu coûteux. En général les frais pour le transport sont sûrment plus hauts que dans la ville. Un autre inconvénient, c´est l´entretien de la maison. Souvent on doit s´occuper même du jardin. Dans la maison on doit réparer des choses cassés: le toit qui a les trous, refaire les peintures, réparer un robinet qui coule, nettoyer un évier bouché, réparer un chauffe-eau. Il faut consacrer son temps pour ça et bien sûr il faut le payer. En plus on doit faire régulièrement des travaux autour de la maison: balayer, laver les vitrines, aroser le jardin, arracher des mauvaises herbes, en automne râteler les feuilles mortes, mettre les fruits ou les pommes de terre dans la cave. Si on nourrit les poules, les lapins ou le cochon on doit s´en occuper cotidiennement.
Mais la vie à la campagne a aussi les avantages: j´ai déjà parlé du jardin. Comme ça on peut cultiver des légumes et des fruits. Mais je pense que ce n´est pas très avantageux. Ca prend assez de temps et aussi assez d´argent. C´est la même chose avec lapins, poules ou cochons. Mais je comprends qu´il y a assez de gens qui aiment faire ça. Un autre avantage de la campagne c´est du calme, la nature. On peut mieux reposer, être en plein air, se promener dans le forêt.
Et la vie en vile? Il y a plusieurs avantages: il n´y pas de problèmes avec le transport, il y a plus de possibilités culturelles et plus d´occasions de trouver un bon poste. Par contre les prix des appartements et le loyer sont assez hauts. On peut choisir parmi des sortes différentes des appartements, ce sont par exemple: trois pièces-cuisine, deux pièces-cuisine, ou HLM ( cette abréviation signifie habitation à loyer modéré ). Les étudiants habitent souvent les studios - les appartement petits, qui n´ont pas la cuisine séparée. Sauf le loyer il faut payer encore les autres frais- l´éléctricité, le chauffage. Un autre inconvénient, c´est du bruit dans le centre. Ce qui me plaît plus, c´est d´habiter en banlieue. Je pense que ici on peut profiter des avantages de la campagne et même de la ville. Malheureusement les banlieues sont aujourd´hui pleines des maisons construites des panneaux. Toutes les maisons sont pareilles et elles ne sont pas très jolies. Par contre elles assurent les appartements pour un grand nombre de gens.
Et quel air a l´appartement moyen? Dans la plupart de maisons on peut utiliser l´ascenseur. On entre dans une entrée. On peut aller dans la cuisine ou tourner dans une chambre à coucher. Habituellement il y a aussi le balcon ou la loggia. Je pense qu´on passe beaucoup de temps dans la salle de séjour - on y regarde la télé. Chaque appartement a aussi une salle de bains, équipée par le lavabo, la baignoire et la douche.
Si on habite dans une maison , il y a plus d´espace. Il y a plus d´étages, ou au moins le comble, il y a aussi souvent le grenier et la cave. La maison est complétée par un garage. Des chambres sont pareilles comme dans un appartement mais il y en a souvent plus: 2 ou 3 chambres, la salle de séjour, la cuisine, la salle de bains, quelque fois encore le cabinet de travail ou la salle à manger.
Le dernier mode de logement, c´est le logement temporaire dans l´hôtel ou au camping. Quelle est la situations en france, concernant le logement dans les hôtels? Ils sont classés en fonction de leur confort de "sans étoile" à "4 étoiles". Plus d´étoiles, plus le prix est haut. Plus économiques sont les hôtels de chaînes. On eut se loger même dans une auberge de jeunesse ou à la campagne, dans une gite rural.
Il faut mentionner encore les gens qui n´ont pas de la maison. les S.D.F., c´est à dire sans domicile fixe. Ils ont besoin de l´aide. C´est pourquoi il y a des organisations qui leur assurent de la nourriture et du logement au moins en périodes de grands froids. En France ce sont Les Restaurants du Coeur, chez nous c´est par exemple L´Armée du Salut.
pondělí 21. února 2011
KAJ Housing
Vocabulary:
http://www.helpforenglish.cz/anglictina-pro-zacatecniky/c2008062003-Slovni-zasoba--My-Room.html
attic podkroví, balcony balkon, cellar sklep (např. na kompoty)
doorbell zvonek u dveří fence plot ground floor přízemí
hall(way) vstupní hala, chodba
stairs schody, schodiště
landlord / landlady pan / paní domácí rent nájemné
steps schody (spíš menší) mortgage hypotéka
study room studovna, pracovna plug-in elektrická zásuvka
terrace terasa, dvůr remote control dálkový ovladač
sofa gauč armchair křeslo
fireplace krb chimney komín
roof window střešní okno cupboard skříň, kredenc
lay the table prostřít stůl wash-basin umyvadlo bath vana
make the bed ustlat postel wardrobe šatní skříń
carpet koberec wallpaper tapeta
curtain záclona drapes závěsy
fridge lednice sink dřez
stove sporák central heating ústřední topení
domácí práce: washing, washnig up, ironing, vacuum cleaning, tidiing, cooking
Where can people live?
- in flats (in block of flats), in bed-sits
- in houses:
We know several types of houses:
- a detached house: a house not joined to another one
- a semi-detached house: two houses joined together
- a terraced house: several houses joined together
- bungalow - one storey house (preferred by old people because there are no stairs)
- some people in the USA live in mobile homes (for example in Florida)
b) What kind of household chores do we have to do?
If we want our flat to be clean and tidy, we have to:
dust the furniture, water the plants, hoover the carpets, mop the floor, clean the bathroom and toilet, do the washing, clean the windows, change the bed linen, wash the curtains, take out the litter, do the ironing, wash up and dry the dishes (if we have no dishwasher).
c) What is a typical English house like?
A typical English house is a terraced house or a semi-detached house. Most houses in England are made of stone or brick. There is no plaster on them. A typical English house is quite narrow and has two floors and no cellar. On the groundfloor there is a hall, the kitchen and the living room. The kitchen often has a door which opens into the garden. Upstairs, there are two bedrooms, a bathroom and a lavatory. Stairs are usually carpeted the same as the rest of the house. There is a small garden at the front of the house and a larger one at the back. For most people garden is a place of relaxation, so there are flowers but no vegetables. Usually there is a garage at the side.
In winter, houses in Britain are rather cold. The bedrooms are often not heated at all.
http://www.helpforenglish.cz/anglictina-pro-zacatecniky/c2008062003-Slovni-zasoba--My-Room.html
attic podkroví, balcony balkon, cellar sklep (např. na kompoty)
doorbell zvonek u dveří fence plot ground floor přízemí
hall(way) vstupní hala, chodba
stairs schody, schodiště
landlord / landlady pan / paní domácí rent nájemné
steps schody (spíš menší) mortgage hypotéka
study room studovna, pracovna plug-in elektrická zásuvka
terrace terasa, dvůr remote control dálkový ovladač
sofa gauč armchair křeslo
fireplace krb chimney komín
roof window střešní okno cupboard skříň, kredenc
lay the table prostřít stůl wash-basin umyvadlo bath vana
make the bed ustlat postel wardrobe šatní skříń
carpet koberec wallpaper tapeta
curtain záclona drapes závěsy
fridge lednice sink dřez
stove sporák central heating ústřední topení
domácí práce: washing, washnig up, ironing, vacuum cleaning, tidiing, cooking
Where can people live?
- in flats (in block of flats), in bed-sits
- in houses:
We know several types of houses:
- a detached house: a house not joined to another one
- a semi-detached house: two houses joined together
- a terraced house: several houses joined together
- bungalow - one storey house (preferred by old people because there are no stairs)
- some people in the USA live in mobile homes (for example in Florida)
b) What kind of household chores do we have to do?
If we want our flat to be clean and tidy, we have to:
dust the furniture, water the plants, hoover the carpets, mop the floor, clean the bathroom and toilet, do the washing, clean the windows, change the bed linen, wash the curtains, take out the litter, do the ironing, wash up and dry the dishes (if we have no dishwasher).
c) What is a typical English house like?
A typical English house is a terraced house or a semi-detached house. Most houses in England are made of stone or brick. There is no plaster on them. A typical English house is quite narrow and has two floors and no cellar. On the groundfloor there is a hall, the kitchen and the living room. The kitchen often has a door which opens into the garden. Upstairs, there are two bedrooms, a bathroom and a lavatory. Stairs are usually carpeted the same as the rest of the house. There is a small garden at the front of the house and a larger one at the back. For most people garden is a place of relaxation, so there are flowers but no vegetables. Usually there is a garage at the side.
In winter, houses in Britain are rather cold. The bedrooms are often not heated at all.
neděle 6. února 2011
KFJ Les jours de fête en France
Les jours de fête en France sont très populaires et favoris comme chez nous, parce qu’on ne travaille pas - c’est un jour ferié. D’habitude on invite des amis, on fait de la fête, parce que ce jour est le jour d’anniversaire, d’un événement dans la vie religieuse (fête religieuse - R) ou dans l’histoire de pays (fète civile - C). Certain fètes ont lieu chaque année à la même date - ce sont des fètes fixes - F; pour les autres, au contraire, la date change chque année - ce sont les fêtes mobiles - M:
1er janvier (jour de l’an, le Réveillon /de la Saint Sylvestr/) C,F- doure toute une partie de la minuit 31 décembre au 1er janvier; on se souhaite bonne anné
Pâques - R, M - dimanche et lundi de Pâques - c’est la célébration de la résurrection du Christ
- du jeudu au samedi, les cloches cessent de sonner et les cierges sont éteints dans l’église = trois jours de Tenèbres; le dimanche matin les cloches revenues de Rome, sonnent partout et dans le jardin les enfants trouvent des oeufs en sucre et en chocolat; le lundi est le jours ferié; les enfants ont deux semaines des vacanses
1er mai: fête du Travail -C,F - c’est jour ferié depuis 1947; les syndicts organisent de longs défiéls dans les rues
- on offre un brin de muguet à ses proches
8 mai - C,F - Anniversaire de l’armistice de 1945 - fin de la Deuxime Guerre mondiale; défilés militaires
Jeudi de l’Ascension R, M - célébration de l’élévation du Christ au ciel; sixième jeudi après Pâques
La Pentecôte R, M - dimanche et lundi; célébration de la descente du Saint-Esprit sur les apôtres du Christ
- le septièmes dimanche et lundi après Pâques
14 juilliet - fête nationalle - C, F - anniversaire de la prise de la Bastille, début de la Révollution française
- défilés militaires, feux d’artifice, bals populaires le soir dans les rues, sous les lampions, les fênetres sont decorées par les drapeaux
15 août: Assomption - R, F - fête de la Vierge Marie, mère du Christ; dans quelleques villes on organise des processions
1er novembre: la Toussaint - R,F - fête de tous les saints, le lendemain est le Jour de Morts; on fleurit des tombes de ses proches avec des chrysanthèmes; les enfants ont une semaine des vacances
11 novembre - C,F - anniversaire de l’armistice de 1918 - fin de la Premire Guerre mondiale; défilés militaires, cérémonies devants les monuments aux morts avec les anciens combattants
25 décembre: Noël - R, F- c’est la première des fêtes de fin d’année qui durent jusqu’au jour de l’An
- le réveillon du 24 décembre se passe généralement en famille, la veille de Noël s’allume dans toutes les maisons, on échange des cadeaux, les chrétiens vont à la messe de minuit; les enfants déposent leurs chaussures devant la cheminée, dans lesquelles le Pére Noël met des cadeaux pendant la nuit
- le 25 est ferié; les enfants ont deux semaines de vacances
Il y a encore d’autres fêtes, même si elles ne sont pas chômées:
La fête des Rois (l’Epiphanie) 6.1 - R, F - pour cette fête religieuse on mange la galette des Rois, un gâteaux traditionnel qui diffère selon les régions et dans lequel set toujours cachée une fève - petit personage en céramique de la taille d’un caillou
Le carnaval - janvier-février - il est plus ou moins célébré selon les régions; on organise dans les rues des défilés de chars decorés et de personnages deguisées
Mardi-gras - dernier jour du carnaval, donne lieu à des bals costumés
A la Chandaleur 2.2 - la tradition veut qu’on mange des crêpes
Le Saint-Valentin - la fête des amoureux
La fête des Mères et la fêtes des Pères - en mai, en juin - donnent l’occasion de faire un repas familial et d’offrir un cadeaux aux parents et grand-parents
La Saint-Jean - 24 juin - c’est la fête d’été, la nuit la plus longue de l’année; à la campagne on allumait de grands feux et on dansait une partie de la nuit, mais c’est une tradition qui se perd
La Sainte-Catherine - 25 novembre - les bals de la Sainte-Catherine tendent a disparaître également
- les jeunes filles - les catherinettes - qui, à 25 ans, n’étaient pas encore mariées, allaient au bal avec des chapeaux spectaculaires à la recherche d’un mari
Les anniversaires, biensûr - on souhaite un bon anniversaire à ses proches; les enfants organisent souvent un goûter auquel ils inviten leurs amis; les jeunes font une soirée dansante; le héros de la fête reçoit des cadeaux et souffle les bougies du gêteaux d’anniversaire
1er janvier (jour de l’an, le Réveillon /de la Saint Sylvestr/) C,F- doure toute une partie de la minuit 31 décembre au 1er janvier; on se souhaite bonne anné
Pâques - R, M - dimanche et lundi de Pâques - c’est la célébration de la résurrection du Christ
- du jeudu au samedi, les cloches cessent de sonner et les cierges sont éteints dans l’église = trois jours de Tenèbres; le dimanche matin les cloches revenues de Rome, sonnent partout et dans le jardin les enfants trouvent des oeufs en sucre et en chocolat; le lundi est le jours ferié; les enfants ont deux semaines des vacanses
1er mai: fête du Travail -C,F - c’est jour ferié depuis 1947; les syndicts organisent de longs défiéls dans les rues
- on offre un brin de muguet à ses proches
8 mai - C,F - Anniversaire de l’armistice de 1945 - fin de la Deuxime Guerre mondiale; défilés militaires
Jeudi de l’Ascension R, M - célébration de l’élévation du Christ au ciel; sixième jeudi après Pâques
La Pentecôte R, M - dimanche et lundi; célébration de la descente du Saint-Esprit sur les apôtres du Christ
- le septièmes dimanche et lundi après Pâques
14 juilliet - fête nationalle - C, F - anniversaire de la prise de la Bastille, début de la Révollution française
- défilés militaires, feux d’artifice, bals populaires le soir dans les rues, sous les lampions, les fênetres sont decorées par les drapeaux
15 août: Assomption - R, F - fête de la Vierge Marie, mère du Christ; dans quelleques villes on organise des processions
1er novembre: la Toussaint - R,F - fête de tous les saints, le lendemain est le Jour de Morts; on fleurit des tombes de ses proches avec des chrysanthèmes; les enfants ont une semaine des vacances
11 novembre - C,F - anniversaire de l’armistice de 1918 - fin de la Premire Guerre mondiale; défilés militaires, cérémonies devants les monuments aux morts avec les anciens combattants
25 décembre: Noël - R, F- c’est la première des fêtes de fin d’année qui durent jusqu’au jour de l’An
- le réveillon du 24 décembre se passe généralement en famille, la veille de Noël s’allume dans toutes les maisons, on échange des cadeaux, les chrétiens vont à la messe de minuit; les enfants déposent leurs chaussures devant la cheminée, dans lesquelles le Pére Noël met des cadeaux pendant la nuit
- le 25 est ferié; les enfants ont deux semaines de vacances
Il y a encore d’autres fêtes, même si elles ne sont pas chômées:
La fête des Rois (l’Epiphanie) 6.1 - R, F - pour cette fête religieuse on mange la galette des Rois, un gâteaux traditionnel qui diffère selon les régions et dans lequel set toujours cachée une fève - petit personage en céramique de la taille d’un caillou
Le carnaval - janvier-février - il est plus ou moins célébré selon les régions; on organise dans les rues des défilés de chars decorés et de personnages deguisées
Mardi-gras - dernier jour du carnaval, donne lieu à des bals costumés
A la Chandaleur 2.2 - la tradition veut qu’on mange des crêpes
Le Saint-Valentin - la fête des amoureux
La fête des Mères et la fêtes des Pères - en mai, en juin - donnent l’occasion de faire un repas familial et d’offrir un cadeaux aux parents et grand-parents
La Saint-Jean - 24 juin - c’est la fête d’été, la nuit la plus longue de l’année; à la campagne on allumait de grands feux et on dansait une partie de la nuit, mais c’est une tradition qui se perd
La Sainte-Catherine - 25 novembre - les bals de la Sainte-Catherine tendent a disparaître également
- les jeunes filles - les catherinettes - qui, à 25 ans, n’étaient pas encore mariées, allaient au bal avec des chapeaux spectaculaires à la recherche d’un mari
Les anniversaires, biensûr - on souhaite un bon anniversaire à ses proches; les enfants organisent souvent un goûter auquel ils inviten leurs amis; les jeunes font une soirée dansante; le héros de la fête reçoit des cadeaux et souffle les bougies du gêteaux d’anniversaire
KAJ Holidays and festivals in Great Britain and the USA
Britain is known as a country of legends, ghost stories and old customs. There are many traditions, holidays and festivals in Great Britain. Some of them are the same like in the Czech Republic and some of them are different.
A. New Year´s Eve is celebrated on the 31st December. People have parties which are conected with dancing and singing - at midnight they sing "Auld Lang Syne". In London lots of peple go to Trafalgar Square, they make fireworks and some enthusiasts traditionally swim in a fountain. In Scotland people celebrate New Year one day later - on New Year´s Day which on the 1st January. This celebration is called Hogmanay. It is belived that the first who gets across the treshold (práh) must be a dark man.
B. On the 14th February comes St. Valentine's Day - it is a lovers´ day. On this day people who are in love send Valentine cards to the person who they love. They don‘t sign the cards so than they guess who has sent them the post card. Women get flowers, chocolate or some jewels. Lots of girls are dressed in red or pink clothes.
C. In Britain people celebrate Easter in a little bit different way than in Czech Republic. Coming of Easter is celebrated on Shrove Tuesday (masopustní úterý) which is called Pancake Day. The date depends on the date of Easter Sunday which is variable - from mid-March to mid-April, and fixed according to the moon. Nobody knows exactly why are pancakes connected with this day, but it is said, that people ate leftovers (zbytky) of fat, butter and eggs, because than came a forty-days´ fast (půst) and this food was prohibited (zakázáno). So on this day people eat lots of pancakes and one of the tradicions is runing throught the streets holding a frying pan (pánev na smažení) and tossing the pancake in the air. If they drop the panceke they lose the race. Cildren get chocolate Easter eggs which are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday. On Good Friday people buy hot cross buns, which are toasted and eaten with butter. Easter Monday is a holiday and many people travel to the seaside or they watch some sports events.
D. The British like to celebrate the end of winter. The celebrations are connected with dancing which should drive away (odehnat) harmful spirits. On May Day - 1st May - children dance around the Maypole (májka).
E. The second Sunday in May is Mother´s Day or Mothering Sunday. Children give their mums flowers. Fathers have their day, too. It's on the third Sunday in May.
F. The world famous festival is Halloween. Halloween means the eve of All Saints´ Day of All Hallows Day and takes place on 31st October. Like some other American celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs. Although it is a much more important festival in United States than in Britain, it is celebrated by many people in the United Kingdom, too. It is particularly connected with witches and ghosts. At parties people dress up in strange costumes and pretend they are witches. Sometimes the witches have black cats with them . Their traditions are that people may play difficult games for fun, such as trying to eat an apple from a bucket of water without using their hands.
In recent years children dressed as pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes knock on doors at Halloween and ask if you would like a "trick" or "treat". They hold bags open to catch the candy or that the neighbours drop in. Sometimes the children sing songs and recite to neighbours for thanks for the candies. However, if you don't give them anything nice - a "treat", the play a "trick" on you, such as making a lot of noise of spilling flour on your front doorstep. But more and more adults celebrate Halloween. They dress up like historical or political figures and go to fancy-dress balls or parties.
But not only wearing the masks is the only tradition. People cut horrible faces in pumpkins and also into other vegetables and put a candle inside, which shines through the eyes and the mouths and maybe also through the nose.
The traditional colours of Halloween are black like ghost and night and orange like the pumpkins.
Halloween party isn't complete without at least one scary story. Usually one person talks in a low voice while other people sit together on the floor or around a fire.
G. On 5th November - It's Guy Fawkes Night (Bonfire Night). Guy Fawkes was a member of a group of Catholic which wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament with gun powder on 5th November in year when the king was going to open Parliament. King James I. was a Protestant and he was very unpopular with Roman Catholic. However Guy Fawkes was discovered, arrested and later hanged. Since then, the British traditionally celebrate this day. Children make a dummy, made of straw and old clothes, which is called Guy and say "money for they Guy". On the night, there are "bonfire parties", they made fireworks and burn the"guy". Some people cook sausages on sticks at the fire. And they sing "Remember, remember, the fifth of November gunpowder treason and plot, we see no reason why gunpowder treason should ever be forgot"
H. People start to get ready for Christmas in late October or early November. Shopkeepers decorate their shops with lights, trees and other decorations. In the middle of December, most families buy Christmas trees, put them in the corner of the front room and put colourful decorations on them.ost families decorate their houses with brightly - coloured paper, holly and mistletoe.
The Christmas holiday begins on 24th December, it's Christmas Eve. People often stop working early and have a drink together and children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their bed for Santa Claus. Santa Claus brings present for children during the night. In Britain he is usually called Father Christmas. If the house has a fireplace, the children sometimes leave their socks there, because Father Christmas comes down the chimney and left there presents. People sing Christmas carols, for example Silent night or Jingle Bells, and send Christmas cards to their friends, wishing them "Merry Christmas and Happy New Year"
Next day, on 25th December is the Christmas Day. Children usually wake up very early. They look in their stockings to see what Santa put there for them. After breakfast they open their other presents around the tree. For lunch they have roast turkey and roast potatoes with lots of vegetables and hot pies, Christmas cake or a Christmas pudding. At three o'clock many people in Britain turn their televisions on because the Queen says' Happy Christmas' to everyone.
On 26th December - it´s Boxing Day and it is still the custom to give a present of money to the tradesmen - the milkman, the postman, newspapers boys, etc. People usually go to a pantomime on that day. This is a show which is always based on a traditional fairy tale (The Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood,..). People of all ages enjoy pantomime. Boxing Day is also time to visit friends and relatives.
Holidays and festivals in the Czech Republic
Easter
in the Czech Republic
• traditionally people eat a cake in the shape of lamb
• boys throw water or perfumes over girls or beat them with plaited willow wands (pomlázky, doslova splétaný vrbový proutek)
• people decorate their houses with beautifully painted eggs
Summer holidays
In the Czech Republic there are two long holidays – summer holidays which last 2 months and winter ones, which usually take about 2 weeks
Christmas
Christmas traditions in the CR: we usually decorate the Christmas tree and put a Christmas star or angel on the top (= vrchol), some families also give a Christmas wreath (věnec) on the door. But even before the Christmas starts children make their Christmas wish list, after that parents must hide (schovat) their presents carefully. Many people write Christmas cards to their relatives or loved ones.
Christmas meals - carp with potatoe salad with vegetables, fish or beans soup and of course sweets.
....
A. New Year´s Eve is celebrated on the 31st December. People have parties which are conected with dancing and singing - at midnight they sing "Auld Lang Syne". In London lots of peple go to Trafalgar Square, they make fireworks and some enthusiasts traditionally swim in a fountain. In Scotland people celebrate New Year one day later - on New Year´s Day which on the 1st January. This celebration is called Hogmanay. It is belived that the first who gets across the treshold (práh) must be a dark man.
B. On the 14th February comes St. Valentine's Day - it is a lovers´ day. On this day people who are in love send Valentine cards to the person who they love. They don‘t sign the cards so than they guess who has sent them the post card. Women get flowers, chocolate or some jewels. Lots of girls are dressed in red or pink clothes.
C. In Britain people celebrate Easter in a little bit different way than in Czech Republic. Coming of Easter is celebrated on Shrove Tuesday (masopustní úterý) which is called Pancake Day. The date depends on the date of Easter Sunday which is variable - from mid-March to mid-April, and fixed according to the moon. Nobody knows exactly why are pancakes connected with this day, but it is said, that people ate leftovers (zbytky) of fat, butter and eggs, because than came a forty-days´ fast (půst) and this food was prohibited (zakázáno). So on this day people eat lots of pancakes and one of the tradicions is runing throught the streets holding a frying pan (pánev na smažení) and tossing the pancake in the air. If they drop the panceke they lose the race. Cildren get chocolate Easter eggs which are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday. On Good Friday people buy hot cross buns, which are toasted and eaten with butter. Easter Monday is a holiday and many people travel to the seaside or they watch some sports events.
D. The British like to celebrate the end of winter. The celebrations are connected with dancing which should drive away (odehnat) harmful spirits. On May Day - 1st May - children dance around the Maypole (májka).
E. The second Sunday in May is Mother´s Day or Mothering Sunday. Children give their mums flowers. Fathers have their day, too. It's on the third Sunday in May.
F. The world famous festival is Halloween. Halloween means the eve of All Saints´ Day of All Hallows Day and takes place on 31st October. Like some other American celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs. Although it is a much more important festival in United States than in Britain, it is celebrated by many people in the United Kingdom, too. It is particularly connected with witches and ghosts. At parties people dress up in strange costumes and pretend they are witches. Sometimes the witches have black cats with them . Their traditions are that people may play difficult games for fun, such as trying to eat an apple from a bucket of water without using their hands.
In recent years children dressed as pirates and princesses, ghosts and popular heroes knock on doors at Halloween and ask if you would like a "trick" or "treat". They hold bags open to catch the candy or that the neighbours drop in. Sometimes the children sing songs and recite to neighbours for thanks for the candies. However, if you don't give them anything nice - a "treat", the play a "trick" on you, such as making a lot of noise of spilling flour on your front doorstep. But more and more adults celebrate Halloween. They dress up like historical or political figures and go to fancy-dress balls or parties.
But not only wearing the masks is the only tradition. People cut horrible faces in pumpkins and also into other vegetables and put a candle inside, which shines through the eyes and the mouths and maybe also through the nose.
The traditional colours of Halloween are black like ghost and night and orange like the pumpkins.
Halloween party isn't complete without at least one scary story. Usually one person talks in a low voice while other people sit together on the floor or around a fire.
G. On 5th November - It's Guy Fawkes Night (Bonfire Night). Guy Fawkes was a member of a group of Catholic which wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament with gun powder on 5th November in year when the king was going to open Parliament. King James I. was a Protestant and he was very unpopular with Roman Catholic. However Guy Fawkes was discovered, arrested and later hanged. Since then, the British traditionally celebrate this day. Children make a dummy, made of straw and old clothes, which is called Guy and say "money for they Guy". On the night, there are "bonfire parties", they made fireworks and burn the"guy". Some people cook sausages on sticks at the fire. And they sing "Remember, remember, the fifth of November gunpowder treason and plot, we see no reason why gunpowder treason should ever be forgot"
H. People start to get ready for Christmas in late October or early November. Shopkeepers decorate their shops with lights, trees and other decorations. In the middle of December, most families buy Christmas trees, put them in the corner of the front room and put colourful decorations on them.ost families decorate their houses with brightly - coloured paper, holly and mistletoe.
The Christmas holiday begins on 24th December, it's Christmas Eve. People often stop working early and have a drink together and children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their bed for Santa Claus. Santa Claus brings present for children during the night. In Britain he is usually called Father Christmas. If the house has a fireplace, the children sometimes leave their socks there, because Father Christmas comes down the chimney and left there presents. People sing Christmas carols, for example Silent night or Jingle Bells, and send Christmas cards to their friends, wishing them "Merry Christmas and Happy New Year"
Next day, on 25th December is the Christmas Day. Children usually wake up very early. They look in their stockings to see what Santa put there for them. After breakfast they open their other presents around the tree. For lunch they have roast turkey and roast potatoes with lots of vegetables and hot pies, Christmas cake or a Christmas pudding. At three o'clock many people in Britain turn their televisions on because the Queen says' Happy Christmas' to everyone.
On 26th December - it´s Boxing Day and it is still the custom to give a present of money to the tradesmen - the milkman, the postman, newspapers boys, etc. People usually go to a pantomime on that day. This is a show which is always based on a traditional fairy tale (The Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood,..). People of all ages enjoy pantomime. Boxing Day is also time to visit friends and relatives.
Holidays and festivals in the Czech Republic
Easter
in the Czech Republic
• traditionally people eat a cake in the shape of lamb
• boys throw water or perfumes over girls or beat them with plaited willow wands (pomlázky, doslova splétaný vrbový proutek)
• people decorate their houses with beautifully painted eggs
Summer holidays
In the Czech Republic there are two long holidays – summer holidays which last 2 months and winter ones, which usually take about 2 weeks
Christmas
Christmas traditions in the CR: we usually decorate the Christmas tree and put a Christmas star or angel on the top (= vrchol), some families also give a Christmas wreath (věnec) on the door. But even before the Christmas starts children make their Christmas wish list, after that parents must hide (schovat) their presents carefully. Many people write Christmas cards to their relatives or loved ones.
Christmas meals - carp with potatoe salad with vegetables, fish or beans soup and of course sweets.
....
L'environnement, la protection de la nature
Vocabulaire:
trier-třídit
salir - špinit
exploiter-využívat
cependent-avšak, přesto
valoir la pein de-stát za to
pollueur (m)-znečišťovatel
l'oxygene m. - kyslík
l'abbatage m. - kácení
rechauffer - ohřávat
le superpétrolier - tanker
les pluies acides - kyselé deště
les déchets - odpadky
l'emballage m. - obal
A la différent de - na rozdíl od
enlaidir- hyzdit
centrale thermique (f)-tepelná elektrárna
centrale nucléaire (f)-jaderná elektrárna
émissions vocives - škodlivé exhalace (emise)
radioactif ,-ve -radioaktivní
Les gens influencent beaucoup les conditions sur la Terre. A cause du développement industriel et technique, les gens salissent la nature de plus en plus. Aujourd’hui c’est un probleme tres grave contenant une gamme des problemes. Ces problemes concernent surtout la pollution de l’environnement, c’est a dire de la nature, du climat de toute la planete, des animaux etc. La nature est fragile et la pollution est tres dangereuse pour tous les etres vivants.
Pour etre concrete je vais nommer:
Le réchauffement du climat est le probleme qui concerne toute la planete. Des glaciers fondent et le niveau de l’ócean monte. Quelques parties des continents et quelques îles peuvent etre submergées. Les changements du climat causent aussi des inondations ou par contre l’augmentation de l’étendue des déserts. Les pays les plus pauvres permettent l´abbatage des fôrets tropicaux sans se rendre compte de leur importance. C´est la source d´oxygene tres importantre. Peut etre ces changements ne sont pas visibles tout de suite, mais ils sont d‘autant plus graves: le climat de toute la planete se réchauffe.
Les gens salissent aussi des cours d‘eau. Les superpétroliers échoués répresentent la catastrophe pour tous les animax qui habitent dans la mer. Les marées noires causent la mort des poissons et des oiseaux. Si le superpétrolier échoue pres de la côte, la peche y est interdite et les touristes ne peuvent pas s’y baigner. Les riviéres sont souvent polluées par des déchets de l’industrie et par des engrais de l’agriculture.
Le probleme tres fréquent dans les grandes villes et dans les régions industrielles est la pollution de l’air et les pluies acides. Dans les villes ce sont surtout des gaz d’échappement qui polluent de l’air. D’habitude il ne voyage pas plus d’une personne dans une voiture. Il serait mieux que plusieurs personnes la prendraient. Ce qui est le meilleur, c’est d’utiliser les moyens de transport publics ou aller a pied ou a vélo. Dans les régions industrielles, la pollution cause les pluies acides qui peuvent détruire les fôrets. Chez nous surtout les régions ou on exploite du charbon sont polluées: le nord-ouest de la Boheme et le nord-est de la Moravie.
La pollution de l´environnement cause souvent la mort des milliers des animaux et des arbres. C´est pourquoi on doit protéger des especes ménacés. Une des manieres de les préserver, c´est de créer des parcs naturels. La chasse y est défendue, il est interdit de cueillir des fleurs, faire du bruit, faire du camping, allumer du feu. On doit y marcher aux sentirs balisés.
A nos jours des gens produisent de plus en plus de déchets. Surtout des emballages plastifiés ne sont pas recyclable et c´est pourquoi on en mets souvent sur des dépôts, bien que ce ne soit pas la solution du ce probleme. Il faut utiliser plus tôt des emballages en verre ou en papier qui peuvent etre recyclés.
Bien que chacun sache que la protection d´environnement est une affaire de tous, il faut se le rappeler de temps en temps. C´est pourquoi on commémore le 22 avril comme La Journée de la Terre. Ce jour, les „verts” organisent les manifestations contre la pollution de l´environnement.
Tout le monde le sait - il faut protéger la nature. Il faut trier des déchets, préférer aller a velo a la place d aller en voiture, acheter des produits qui n endommage pas notre environnement, exploiter des sources d énergie écologique…
Mais est ce que nous le faisons? Est ce que nous en pensons? Oui, de temps en temps nous nous en souvenouns, mais nous avons cependant d autres priorités. On a besoin d etre n importe oú a l heure. Il faut économiser ou nous voulons nous sentir confortable et il est "nécessaire" d avoire le meilleur produit. Et enfin, nous pouvons nous dire: "Je suis un de millions. Qu est-ce que je change?"
Peut -etre, notre nature n est pas encore assez détruite d augmenter les prix de tout ce que endommage l environnement, de valoir la peine de se comporter vraiment écologique. Il reste a savoir si on ne sera pas trop tard.
Les plus grands pollueurs sont des voitures et des grandes entreprises. Les autos polluent seulement l`atmosphere a la différent des, par exeple, entreprises chimique qui nous detruit aussi des eaux, ou des mines qui enlaidissent la paysage. En République tcheque, nous pouvons trouver cette paysage pres de la ville de Most. Des usins électrique sont aussi un grand probleme. Des centrales thermiques qui vident des émissions vocives sont dangereux ainsi que des centrales nucléaires qui produisent des déchets radioactifs.
Je pense qu`il faut forcer ce pollueurs de diminuer leurs émissions par les fortes amandes d`endommager l`evironnement. Au contraire, il faut subventionner les projets écologiques.
trier-třídit
salir - špinit
exploiter-využívat
cependent-avšak, přesto
valoir la pein de-stát za to
pollueur (m)-znečišťovatel
l'oxygene m. - kyslík
l'abbatage m. - kácení
rechauffer - ohřávat
le superpétrolier - tanker
les pluies acides - kyselé deště
les déchets - odpadky
l'emballage m. - obal
A la différent de - na rozdíl od
enlaidir- hyzdit
centrale thermique (f)-tepelná elektrárna
centrale nucléaire (f)-jaderná elektrárna
émissions vocives - škodlivé exhalace (emise)
radioactif ,-ve -radioaktivní
Les gens influencent beaucoup les conditions sur la Terre. A cause du développement industriel et technique, les gens salissent la nature de plus en plus. Aujourd’hui c’est un probleme tres grave contenant une gamme des problemes. Ces problemes concernent surtout la pollution de l’environnement, c’est a dire de la nature, du climat de toute la planete, des animaux etc. La nature est fragile et la pollution est tres dangereuse pour tous les etres vivants.
Pour etre concrete je vais nommer:
Le réchauffement du climat est le probleme qui concerne toute la planete. Des glaciers fondent et le niveau de l’ócean monte. Quelques parties des continents et quelques îles peuvent etre submergées. Les changements du climat causent aussi des inondations ou par contre l’augmentation de l’étendue des déserts. Les pays les plus pauvres permettent l´abbatage des fôrets tropicaux sans se rendre compte de leur importance. C´est la source d´oxygene tres importantre. Peut etre ces changements ne sont pas visibles tout de suite, mais ils sont d‘autant plus graves: le climat de toute la planete se réchauffe.
Les gens salissent aussi des cours d‘eau. Les superpétroliers échoués répresentent la catastrophe pour tous les animax qui habitent dans la mer. Les marées noires causent la mort des poissons et des oiseaux. Si le superpétrolier échoue pres de la côte, la peche y est interdite et les touristes ne peuvent pas s’y baigner. Les riviéres sont souvent polluées par des déchets de l’industrie et par des engrais de l’agriculture.
Le probleme tres fréquent dans les grandes villes et dans les régions industrielles est la pollution de l’air et les pluies acides. Dans les villes ce sont surtout des gaz d’échappement qui polluent de l’air. D’habitude il ne voyage pas plus d’une personne dans une voiture. Il serait mieux que plusieurs personnes la prendraient. Ce qui est le meilleur, c’est d’utiliser les moyens de transport publics ou aller a pied ou a vélo. Dans les régions industrielles, la pollution cause les pluies acides qui peuvent détruire les fôrets. Chez nous surtout les régions ou on exploite du charbon sont polluées: le nord-ouest de la Boheme et le nord-est de la Moravie.
La pollution de l´environnement cause souvent la mort des milliers des animaux et des arbres. C´est pourquoi on doit protéger des especes ménacés. Une des manieres de les préserver, c´est de créer des parcs naturels. La chasse y est défendue, il est interdit de cueillir des fleurs, faire du bruit, faire du camping, allumer du feu. On doit y marcher aux sentirs balisés.
A nos jours des gens produisent de plus en plus de déchets. Surtout des emballages plastifiés ne sont pas recyclable et c´est pourquoi on en mets souvent sur des dépôts, bien que ce ne soit pas la solution du ce probleme. Il faut utiliser plus tôt des emballages en verre ou en papier qui peuvent etre recyclés.
Bien que chacun sache que la protection d´environnement est une affaire de tous, il faut se le rappeler de temps en temps. C´est pourquoi on commémore le 22 avril comme La Journée de la Terre. Ce jour, les „verts” organisent les manifestations contre la pollution de l´environnement.
Tout le monde le sait - il faut protéger la nature. Il faut trier des déchets, préférer aller a velo a la place d aller en voiture, acheter des produits qui n endommage pas notre environnement, exploiter des sources d énergie écologique…
Mais est ce que nous le faisons? Est ce que nous en pensons? Oui, de temps en temps nous nous en souvenouns, mais nous avons cependant d autres priorités. On a besoin d etre n importe oú a l heure. Il faut économiser ou nous voulons nous sentir confortable et il est "nécessaire" d avoire le meilleur produit. Et enfin, nous pouvons nous dire: "Je suis un de millions. Qu est-ce que je change?"
Peut -etre, notre nature n est pas encore assez détruite d augmenter les prix de tout ce que endommage l environnement, de valoir la peine de se comporter vraiment écologique. Il reste a savoir si on ne sera pas trop tard.
Les plus grands pollueurs sont des voitures et des grandes entreprises. Les autos polluent seulement l`atmosphere a la différent des, par exeple, entreprises chimique qui nous detruit aussi des eaux, ou des mines qui enlaidissent la paysage. En République tcheque, nous pouvons trouver cette paysage pres de la ville de Most. Des usins électrique sont aussi un grand probleme. Des centrales thermiques qui vident des émissions vocives sont dangereux ainsi que des centrales nucléaires qui produisent des déchets radioactifs.
Je pense qu`il faut forcer ce pollueurs de diminuer leurs émissions par les fortes amandes d`endommager l`evironnement. Au contraire, il faut subventionner les projets écologiques.
pátek 7. ledna 2011
Environment
Vocabulary :
acid rain – kyselý déšť
carbon dioxide – CO2
climate - podnebí
conservation - ochrana
destroy - zničit
drought - sucho
earthquake - zemětřesení
endangered species – ohrožené druhy
environmental group – ochranářský spolek
litter - odpadky
exhaust fumes – výfukové plyny
forest fires – lesní požáry
flood - záplava
fertilizers - hnojiva
global warming – globální oteplování
garbage - odpad
greenhouse effect – skleníkový efekt
(non)-renewable resources – obnovitelné zdroje
nuclear (solar, hydraulic, wind, geothermal) energy - jaderná(solární, vodní, větrná, geotermální) energie
oil-slick – ropná skvrna
ozone layer (hole) – ozonová vrstva(díra)
protect x polute – chránit x znečišťovat
pollution - znečištění
protected animal – chráněné zvíře
recycle - recyklovat
tidal wave – přívalová vlna
throw away – zahodit, odmítnout
use up – vyčerpat, spotřebovat
volcanic eruption – sopečný výbuch
waste - plýtvat
Environment is everything around us – it includes plants, animals, air, water, our civilization, land etc. It is influenced by some processes in nature, but mainly by activity of people.There are lots of problems to solve concerning the environment.
Greenhouse effect
Temperature of our planet is higher and higher because our air is polluted by greenhouse gases. They come from factories, houses and exhaust fumes. One of most dangerous is carbon dioxide.
Global warming
It is caused by the greenhouse efect. Manmade atmospheric emissions, like carbon dioxide(produced by burning fossil fuels), nitrogen oxides(from car exhausts), freon(from aerosol and refrigerators), methan and water vapour prevent the heat from escaping. Then the Earth´s temperature rises, arctic ice melts and areas near the sea level become flooded.
Acid rain
Air with carbon dioxide creates acid rain. It damages rain forests and make water in the rivers acid.
Ozone holes
Ozone holes are in ozone layer. It is a part of the atmosphere free of O3. Ozone holes are caused by freons (CFCs). They become from old fridges and old sprays. These aren’t produced in our country but there are still some countries that produce them. Ozone forms a layer in the upper atmosphere which protects life on Earth from ultraviolet rays, which cause skin cancer. This layer is destroyed by freons. The biggest ozone hole has formed over Antarctica and Australia.
Rain forests
More and more trees are cut down. Land without trees is used for farming and the exploited wood is used for making furniture and building materials.
A lot of species of animals loose their homes. The soil is washed away by the rain. The soil is changing into the desert. Nothing can’t grow there.
Air polution
Civilization has brought people many advantages but its products also pollute and damage the environment in which we live.
Air pollution is the biggest problem in large cities and in areas with concentrated industrial production. Emissions range from smoke(produced by coal-fired power stations and factories which burns fossil fuels), dust, and smells to car and lorry exhausts. Substance such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with the air moisture and then acid rain falls down onto trees and slowly kill them. Trees are very important for us, because they produce oxygen for breathing. How can the problems of air pollution be solved? First of all, people should try to use alternative sources of energy, such as solar, water, wind, geothermal and perhaps tidal energies. People should use public transportation or fast railways more than cars. New cars should run on unleaded petrol. Factories and power stations should have effective filters and households should use natural gaz.
Water pollution
Water is polluted by households, industrial processes, by pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture,by waste and ships(mainly by tankers which crashed and oil run out). We should find technologies for saving water, reduce chemical fertilizers and controll industrial processes.
Natural disasters
In the last decades we can often notice floods in our country. Floods are generally caused by long heavy rains or when a lot of snow melts in the spring and water runs down from the mountains. This water flood our towns, roads and houses . The floods damage houses, bridges, trees, gardens, roads and kill people and animals who don´t run away.
Fires burns also everything what is on the way. It´s caused by someones´s inattention or by a dry, hot season. Wind helps to extend(expand) the fire. But fire brigade try to stop this catastrophe. This profession is one of the most dangerous at all.
Hurricanes and tornadoes are caused by presure changes in the atmosphere.We can meet with this phenomena often in area of Caribian sea. The speed of huricane can reach up 119 km/hour. It´s very strong wind destroying everything on the way.
The movement of the litospheric bords causes earthquakes and explosions of volcanoes. In the course of earthquake the land is crashing and shaking. Buildings fall down and everybody is in danger. Earthquake under the ocean can cause a big „tsunami“ wave which floods the coast. The volcanoes produce a lot of dust, smoke and lava which pours out and burns everything what is in the land´s surface.
Protection of environment
Many ecological organizations take care of our nature, but everyone can do something for our environment. For example we can sort our wastes, recyclide them, use glass bottles, make our surrounding clean or try to save energy. We can organize a demonstration against big pollutors or write a petition. It is also possilble to write a letter for the government or the local council. We should also take bottles to a bottle bank, use recycled paper, save as much water as possible and use public transport instead of cars.
Zdroj: Internet, slovník
acid rain – kyselý déšť
carbon dioxide – CO2
climate - podnebí
conservation - ochrana
destroy - zničit
drought - sucho
earthquake - zemětřesení
endangered species – ohrožené druhy
environmental group – ochranářský spolek
litter - odpadky
exhaust fumes – výfukové plyny
forest fires – lesní požáry
flood - záplava
fertilizers - hnojiva
global warming – globální oteplování
garbage - odpad
greenhouse effect – skleníkový efekt
(non)-renewable resources – obnovitelné zdroje
nuclear (solar, hydraulic, wind, geothermal) energy - jaderná(solární, vodní, větrná, geotermální) energie
oil-slick – ropná skvrna
ozone layer (hole) – ozonová vrstva(díra)
protect x polute – chránit x znečišťovat
pollution - znečištění
protected animal – chráněné zvíře
recycle - recyklovat
tidal wave – přívalová vlna
throw away – zahodit, odmítnout
use up – vyčerpat, spotřebovat
volcanic eruption – sopečný výbuch
waste - plýtvat
Environment is everything around us – it includes plants, animals, air, water, our civilization, land etc. It is influenced by some processes in nature, but mainly by activity of people.There are lots of problems to solve concerning the environment.
Greenhouse effect
Temperature of our planet is higher and higher because our air is polluted by greenhouse gases. They come from factories, houses and exhaust fumes. One of most dangerous is carbon dioxide.
Global warming
It is caused by the greenhouse efect. Manmade atmospheric emissions, like carbon dioxide(produced by burning fossil fuels), nitrogen oxides(from car exhausts), freon(from aerosol and refrigerators), methan and water vapour prevent the heat from escaping. Then the Earth´s temperature rises, arctic ice melts and areas near the sea level become flooded.
Acid rain
Air with carbon dioxide creates acid rain. It damages rain forests and make water in the rivers acid.
Ozone holes
Ozone holes are in ozone layer. It is a part of the atmosphere free of O3. Ozone holes are caused by freons (CFCs). They become from old fridges and old sprays. These aren’t produced in our country but there are still some countries that produce them. Ozone forms a layer in the upper atmosphere which protects life on Earth from ultraviolet rays, which cause skin cancer. This layer is destroyed by freons. The biggest ozone hole has formed over Antarctica and Australia.
Rain forests
More and more trees are cut down. Land without trees is used for farming and the exploited wood is used for making furniture and building materials.
A lot of species of animals loose their homes. The soil is washed away by the rain. The soil is changing into the desert. Nothing can’t grow there.
Air polution
Civilization has brought people many advantages but its products also pollute and damage the environment in which we live.
Air pollution is the biggest problem in large cities and in areas with concentrated industrial production. Emissions range from smoke(produced by coal-fired power stations and factories which burns fossil fuels), dust, and smells to car and lorry exhausts. Substance such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with the air moisture and then acid rain falls down onto trees and slowly kill them. Trees are very important for us, because they produce oxygen for breathing. How can the problems of air pollution be solved? First of all, people should try to use alternative sources of energy, such as solar, water, wind, geothermal and perhaps tidal energies. People should use public transportation or fast railways more than cars. New cars should run on unleaded petrol. Factories and power stations should have effective filters and households should use natural gaz.
Water pollution
Water is polluted by households, industrial processes, by pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture,by waste and ships(mainly by tankers which crashed and oil run out). We should find technologies for saving water, reduce chemical fertilizers and controll industrial processes.
Natural disasters
In the last decades we can often notice floods in our country. Floods are generally caused by long heavy rains or when a lot of snow melts in the spring and water runs down from the mountains. This water flood our towns, roads and houses . The floods damage houses, bridges, trees, gardens, roads and kill people and animals who don´t run away.
Fires burns also everything what is on the way. It´s caused by someones´s inattention or by a dry, hot season. Wind helps to extend(expand) the fire. But fire brigade try to stop this catastrophe. This profession is one of the most dangerous at all.
Hurricanes and tornadoes are caused by presure changes in the atmosphere.We can meet with this phenomena often in area of Caribian sea. The speed of huricane can reach up 119 km/hour. It´s very strong wind destroying everything on the way.
The movement of the litospheric bords causes earthquakes and explosions of volcanoes. In the course of earthquake the land is crashing and shaking. Buildings fall down and everybody is in danger. Earthquake under the ocean can cause a big „tsunami“ wave which floods the coast. The volcanoes produce a lot of dust, smoke and lava which pours out and burns everything what is in the land´s surface.
Protection of environment
Many ecological organizations take care of our nature, but everyone can do something for our environment. For example we can sort our wastes, recyclide them, use glass bottles, make our surrounding clean or try to save energy. We can organize a demonstration against big pollutors or write a petition. It is also possilble to write a letter for the government or the local council. We should also take bottles to a bottle bank, use recycled paper, save as much water as possible and use public transport instead of cars.
Zdroj: Internet, slovník
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