KAJ Shopping

Vocabulary:
go shopping-jít nakupovat,
do (some) shopping – nakupovat, dělat nákupy,
buy- koupit, sell – prodávat,
customer-zákazník, client – klient, zákazník
pick up a basket - vzít nákupní košík
push a troley – tlačit vozík
choose the goods - vybírat zboží
cash desk – pokladna
cashier – pokladní, shop assistant – prodavač/ka
cheap levný expensive drahý
pay in cash – platit v hotovosti
pay by a credit card – platit kreditní kartou
pay by cheque – platit šekem,
spend money on ... – utrácet peníze za ...
account – účet, cost – stát(o ceně)
attend customers – obsluhovat zákazníky
shelf, bookshelf – regál, aisle – ulička mezi regály, counter - pult
marketplace –pouliční trh,
self-service-shop -samoobsluha,
supermarket – samoobsluha
hypermarket - hypermarket
department store -obchodní dům
price – cena price cut - sleva price tag - cenovka label - visačka
shopping centre, shopping mall -nákupní centrum
stock – sklad, zásoba na skladě
Dairy products -mlékárna
Bakery -pekařství
Grocery, the grocer´s -potraviny, smíšené zboží
Greengrocer´s- zelinářství
Butcher´s- řeznictví
Delicatessen-lahůdkářství
Confectioner´s- cukrárna
Florist´s – květinářství
Chemist´s –drogerie
Shoe shop-obchod s obuví
Men´s and women´s wear – pánská a dámská konfekce,
Stationery- papírnictví,
Bookshop- knihkupectví
run out, sold out – vyprodaný
queue – fronta, wrap - zabalit
thief, shoplifter – zloděj, steal - ukrást
pickpocket – kapesní zloděj
Tobacco shop – trafika
sale – (vý)prodej

to go window shopping – obcházet obchody bez nakupování
What can I do for you? Can I help you? Čím vám posloužím?
I am just looking. Jen se dívám.
I need some stamps. Potřebuji nějaké známky.
How much is this cake? Kolik stojí tento dort?
Anything else? Ještě něco?
No, that’s all, thank you. Ne, to je vše, děkuji.
Pay at the cash desk, please. Zaplaťte prosím u pokladny.
Shopping
Retailing is the business of selling products to the general public. Most retailers sell from shops or stores. Nowadays, countries have large retail chains. In the CR it is e.g. . Kaufland, Billa, Albert, Hypernova... Their outlets are often in shopping centres where there are many large stores under one roof. Large retailers have also well-known hypermarkets or superstores which are usually situated all around the countries. Hypermarkets are over 30 000 square meters large and superstores under 30 000 square meters.
Department stores
Department stores are large shops, which sell a wide variety of products. They are large buildings usually several stores high. They have lots of departments (foodstaff, shoes, restaurant, bookshop...) all under one roof. Harrods is the best known department store in London. In Prague we have for example Kotva or Bílá labuť.
Let‘s describe the standard design of stores. The main entrance is usually on the left because people have a natural reflex to move to the right. Inside the entrance there are usually fruits and vegetables. It seems to be important for the store, because it gives the store a healthy image. The meat counter is often at the back of the store. There are 2 reasons for this: the first is that meat needs a storage and preparation area. The other is that shoppers come to buy it regularly and on their way they will see many other products.
Basic products are rarely positioned next to each other. For example, the coffee is in the first aisle but sugar is in the fourth aisle near the checkout. The leader known brands are at the top of shelf. We can notice that at the eye-level there are always more famous brands of products because buyers can notice them easily. Research has shown that these products have the highest sales.
As these stores are so big, they are able to lower the prices quite a lot and to make them cheaper than smaller shops.

Paying
We have different ways of paying for goods. Most often people pay in cash. Credit cards are also widely accepted. People usually pay by a credit card when they have a big purchase. We also pay in instalments when we want to buy for example TVs or cars. Cash on delivery is often used when we order something on the Internet. And of course we mustn’t forget paying by a cheque.

KFJ Les sports

Vocabulaire:
střelba le tir à l'arc diving la plongée
basebal le base-ball cycling le cyclisme
basketbal le basket(ball) football le football
cyklistika le cyclisme box la boxe
běžkování le ski de randonnée/fond
sjezd le ski de descente/piste
rybolov la pêche golf le golf
hokej le hockey (sur glace) wrestling la lutte
jogging le jogging kolečkové brusle le patin à roulettes
plachtění la voile bruslení le patinage
lyžování le ski soccer le foot(ball)
plavání la natation tenis le tennis
volejbal le volley(ball) vodní lyže le ski nautique

Qui veut etre en plaine forme, fait le sport. Le sport est une chose individuelle - chacun doit savoir s'il veut le pratiquer et combien de temps (par une certaine periode) veut-il consacrer au sport.

Un Français sur trois pratique un sport individuel. Pour garder la forme on pratique le jogging, la gymnastique, la relaxation, l aérobic, la natation ou faire du vélo.
L évenement sportif français sans doute le plus connu a l' étranger est le Tour de France cycliste. Le Tour de France qu 'on appelle aussi la Grande Boucle, attire beaucoup de spectateurs. Cette course est organisée au mois de juillet, a une vingtaine d'étapes et passe a travers la France. Elle est longue de 3000 kilometres et se termine sur les Champs-Elysées. A l' hiver, on patine ou on va a la montagne pour faire du ski.

Les sports d' équipe qui attirent toujours les Français sont: le football, le handball, le volley-ball, le rogby, le tennis.
Parmi tous les sports d' équipe le football vient en premier. Les meilleures équipes professionnelles sont Paris St Germain, Lens (un des joueurs de cette équipe est notre V. Šmicer), l' Olympique de Marseille, St Etienne, Bordeaux, Monaco et Nantes. Quand deux de ces équipes se rencontrent, les spectateurs remplissent les stades pour assister a un grand match. Le football est tres populaire en France. La finale de la Coupe de France a lieu en mai, traditionnellement en présence du Président de la République. La France confirme ses qualités de football a la Coupe du monde en France. La France a déja devenu le champion du monde et des joueurs français les héros nationaux.

KAJ Sports and games

Vocabulary:
šachy chess tenis tennis
volejbal volleyball hokej ice hockey
basket basketball golf golf
běhání jogging bojové sporty martial arts
lyžování skiing bruslení skating
in-line bruslení in-line skating
míč ball trampolína trampoline
tělocvična gymnasium

Sports and games
Sports are very good for active relaxation and are important for our physical and mental health. There are lots of types of sports and games. We can practise out- door or indoor sports, do sports in water or anywhere we want.

Outdoor sports and games are as follows: golf, skiing (cross - country, down - hill, slalom, ski - jump), skating, tobogganing, bobsledding, marathon - running, jogging, fishing, climbing, hiking or tourism, mountaineering, rallies, polo, cycling, in-line skating, hunting, archery, motor racing, jogging, horse riding and horse - racing.

Indoors sports and games include: table tennis, gymnastics, chess, bowling, badminton, billiard, boxing, wrestling, weight lifting, fencing and judo. Ball games, athletics, tennis, shooting, skateboarding, skating (figure skating, ice hockey, curling may be practised both outdoor and indoor).

There are also aquatic (water) sports: water skiing, swimming (we can swim free style (the crawl), backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly), diving, water polo, yachting, canoeing, rowing, and windsurfing. Ball games are popular all around the world - basketball, volleyball, association football (called soccer in America), American football, rugby football, hockey, squash, baseball, softball, netball, tennis, and handball.

There are many kinds of athletics: high, long jump, triple jump, pole vault, throwing the hammer (hammer throw), putting the weight, javelin throw, discus throw, walking races, running, sprinting, medium and long distance running, marathon running hurdle races.

Many sports have their origins in Britain that is why Britain is sometimes called the cradle of sports. Two types of rugby, modern game of hockey, cricket, darts, tennis and boxing were invented in Britain. Golf has its origins in Scotland. Very popular sports are: cricket, football, golf, cricket has never been adopted in foreign countries. It
is intensively played only in the United Kingdom, Australia and some other Commonwealth countries. The major sports events in Britain are Wimbledon (the Grand Slam Tennis Tournament), the British Open Golf Championship, The Grand National in Liverpool (it is the best known horse-race steeplechase).

Typical American sports and games are : baseball, American football, netball (it s an outdoor version of basketball), lacrosse. Baseball is the most popular professional game in the USA. Baseball has probably originated from the English cricket before the middle of the 19th century. Lacrosse is derived from an American Indian game and there are many variants in the rules. Every year there are a lot of sports events. The most important of them are summer and winter Olympic games. It is the first sport festival, which took a place in Greece on 776 B.C. The Olympics were held every four years in Olympia. During them no war was to be led. And now they are also held every four years, but their summer and winter parts are changed once every two years.

A good sportsman must be healthy (though there are also sports events for the handicapped), and non-smoker. He should do
everything to excel in his sport, listen to his coach and devote most of his/her
leisure time to it. He/she must train very hard and should have a fair character.

Lots of people take part in sports activities, millions of them like to attend matches, watch television or listen to them on the radio.

If somebody wants to be fit, it s good do some kind of sport, e.g. swimming, cycling, jogging, walking at every available opportunity, etc. It is very important to exercise regularly, at least three times a week.

Sport is a physical activity and it is one of the most popular leisure time activity. This is mainly due to the fact that they help you to keep fit both physically and mentally. Such a form of relaxation as sports is refreshing, it can help take off some weight, and improve your skills and strength. Last but not least, during sports events one can meet a lot of new people and see how it feels to be a winner or a loser.

The most popular sports are football (in Europe, and Brazil), basketball (especially in USA), rugby (in England, and in USA like American football), hockey (everywhere). One of the most popular sports is also athletics. Athletics include for example 100-metre run, 10,000 metre walk, 110 metre hurdles, 3000 steeple chase, 400 metre relay, marathon, high/long/triple/pole vault jump, discus/hammer/javelin throw, shot put, decathlon etc.

The greatest celebrations of sport are the Olympic games. The Olympics were already held in ancient Greece. At the time they put emphasis on the ideal of an all-round developed person. Pierre de Coubertin renewed the Olympics about a hundred years ago and today as well as in ancient times they take place every four years. Since 1924 there are two parts to the games - the winter part and the summer part, which alternate every two years.

A special kind of sport is ballroom dancing. Many people think that dance is only a free-time activity, and that dance is very simple but it isn't so. Dance is very nice but also very demanding, expensive and time-consuming activity. Dance is demanding because you must bust be perfect, when you want be successful on competition; expensive because the fee is high (include the salary for lector and letting of the hall or gymnasium), you must participate on the concentrations, you must have special dance shoes and when you participate on the competition, you must have special dance cloths - different for Standard dances and Latin dances, for example, clothes for standard daces costs at least about 10 000 Crowns, and you must have every year new; and time-consuming. Ballroom dancing has two parts: standard-dances which include waltz, Wiener waltz, tango, slow foxtrot and quickstep; and Latin-dances which include cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive and paso doble.

KFJ Enseignement

Vocabulaire:
algebra l'algèbre
počty l'arithmétique biologie la biologie
chemie la chimie zeměpis la géographie
geometrie la géométrie matematika les mathématiques
fyzika la physique la comptabilité účetnitcví
historie l'histoire sociologie la sociologie
hudba la musique umění l'art
tělocvik la gymnastique vzdělání l'éducation
ekonomika l'économie jazyky les langues

En France, l’instruction des enfants est gratuit, laïque et obligatoire. L’Etat fournit à tous les enfants de 6 à 16 ans la possibilité d’aller à l’école publique. Toutefois, ils existent également des écoles privées où les parents doivent payer pour placer leurs enfants. Le système scolaire française a, au cours des dernières années, subi de profondes modifications pour s’adapter à l’évolution sociale qui tendent à épanouir la personalité de l’enfant pour l’adapter à la vie nouvelle.
L’enseignement commençe à l’école maternelle - c’est l’enseignement pré-élémentaire et pas obligatoire. L’école élémentaire (6-11) comprend cinq classes: cours préparatoire, deux années de cours élémentaire et deux années de cours moyen. Au cours préparatoire l’enfant apprend à lire, à écrire, à compter. Il apprend à s’exprimer, mais aussi à écouter et à voir. L’éducation physique a un grand rôle. Au cycle élémentaire, l’enfant se perfectionne, lit plus vite, fait des dictées et de la grammaire. En même temps il commençe l’enseignement de l’histoire, de la géographie et des sciences. Puis ce sont les deux années du cycle moyen qui préparent à l’entrée au collège. Les programmes sont définis, les enfants doivent avoir des connaissances précises dans les matières appris et sont déjà initiés à l’informatique. A l’école primaire les enfants ont 27 heures par semaine qui sont réparties sur neuf demi-journées.
Après avoir terminé l’école élémentaire, 91% des élèves sont admis au collège en 6ème, 8% redoublent le CME et 1% vont en classe professionelle ou en classe préparatoire à l’apprentissage. Pour être admis au collège, qui est la première étape de l’enseignement secondaire, il suffit de remplir un dossier d’admission au collège avant les vacances de printemps. Il faut de choisir la première langue étrangère - on peut choisir entre l’anglais, l’allemand ou l’espagnol. En quatrième presque tous les élèves commencent l’étude d’une deuxième langue étrangère. Le premier cycle de second degré est assuré à tous les enfants de 11 à 15 ans. Ces 4 années sont réparties en deux cycles:
Le cycle d’observation (classe 6e et 5e) - tous les élves reçoivent le même enseignement.
Le cycle d’orientation (4e et 3e) - à côté des ensignements communs, les élves choisissent des enseignement complémentaires appelés options (générales ou technologique).
A la fin de troisième ils passent leur brevet. S’ils reussissent, ils peuvent continuer leurs études au lycée, lycée technique ou lycée profesionnel, ou bien ils peuvent suivre une formation technique sans baccalauréat.
Ceux qui ont après 4e ou 5e decidé de ne pas continuer peuvent y préparér en 3 ans et après le troisième reçevoir un Certificat d’aptitude profesionelle (CAP). Ceux qui ont terminé de 3e du lyccé peuvent dans un LEP (lycée d’enseignement profesionnel) après deux années obtenir un Brevet d’études profesionnelles (BEP) - c’est le second cycle court.
Le second cycle long, ce sont les élèves issus des collèges, qui après orientation sont admis à préparer en trois ans (de 15 à 18-19 ans) un baccalauréat ou un Brevet de Technicen - c’est la seconde, première et terminal. Les lycéens sont orientés en terminal vers différents sections. Le baccalauréat termine l’ensignement secondaire et on peut entrer en enseignement supérieur. Aux universités - dont les origines remontent au Moyen Age - s’ajoute un réseau très diversifié d ‘Etablissements spécialisés et de Grandes Ecoles.
Après avoir passer le baccalauréat, le bachelier peut s’inscrire à l’université. L’inscription s’effectue directement ou par correspondance. L’université la plus connue et la plus ancienne est la Sorbonne de Paris.
Par contre, le système des Grandes Ecoles repose sur la sélection par le concours d’entrée. Après le baccalauréat, les candidats doivent suivre des cours préparatoires intensifs qui conduisent à des concours très difficiles où ne réussit qu’une petite proportion de candidats. La Grande Ecole la plus prestigieuse est toujours l’Ecole Polytechnique, créée par Napoléon.
On distingue trois types d’études universitaires:
1) Les études technologuique en IUT - Les Instituts Univarsitaires de Technologie, rattachés aux universités, dispensent en deux ans une formation générale et technologuique, sanctionnée par le Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT)
2) Les études universitaire générales - l’enseignement ici est organisé en trois cycles d’études successifs, chacun d’eux étant sanctionné par un ou plusieurs diplôms
3) Les établissements specialisés - dispensent une formation profesionnelle de haut niveau.
Les Grandes Ecoles ont acquis parmi les Etablissements d’enseignement supérieur une place privilegée. Elles assurent un enseignement de très haut qualité et offrent une voie très recherchée.
L’année scolaire dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire est divisés en trois trimestres. L’évaluation repose sur le système de points (de 0 à 20). Il est très rare qu’un élève obtienne 20 points. Le bulletin trimestriel est avant tout une information sur la qualité de son travail trimestriel. Chaque professeur y écrit non seulement la note mais surtout son appréciation verbale.

KAJ Education in Great Britain and the USA

Vocabulary:
At school - ve škole, the school building - školní budova, the headmaster's - ředitelna, the staff room - sborovna, the secretary's office - sekretariát, a gymnasium - tělocvična, a hall - aula, a dinning hall - jídelna, a corridor - chodba, a basic school - základní škola, a comprehensive school - všeobecná škola, a grammar school - střední škola, a commercial (business) academy - obchodní akademie,
a notice board - nástěnka, a blackboard - tabule, a desk - lavice, headmaster - ředitel, classmate, a schoolmate - spolužák, a lesson - hodina, subjects(předměty) physical education - tělesná výchova, maths, languages, biology, history, geography, arts and music, chemistry, physics, pay attention - dávat pozor, disturb - vyrušovat, final examination, school-leaving examination - závěrečná zkouška, to graduate from university - promovat

System of education in Great Britain
Children under 5 years attend Nursery schools. These schools are optional (volitelný).
All children between the ages of 5 and 16 must receive full-time education in England and Wales. Boys and girls are taught together at most schools. At secondary level most pupils - at the age of 11-can go to comprehensive (všeobec.), secondary technical schools or grammar schools. The majority of children (80%) attend comprehensive schools. Grammar schools are selective (výběrový) - so children must pass an examination (zkouška) to enter them. Majority of parents send their children to state schools, because these schools are unpaid. But there are private schools, too. It is for example Eton, Harrow, Rugby etc. These schools are usually very expensive, but they often offer scholarships (stipendium) to gifted children from poor families.
Secondary schools in Scotland are called public schools. It means that they are open to everyone. Children move from primary to secondary schools at 12, not 11 as in England.
The National Curriculum (osnova) is based on 3 core (hlavní) subjects: English, mathematics and science together with 7 other subjects: history, geography, music, art, physical education, technology and a modern foreign language. It has been done in this way, because earlier many pupils tended to drop important subjects like science, technology and foreign languages and specialize too early.
And in Wales, the Welsh language has to be taught as a forth core subject in Welsh-speaking schools. At the age of 16 pupils pass the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). The compulsory subjects are English, mathematics and science. Than about two thirds (2/3) of pupils leave school and get jobs. At the age of 18 students pass the A-level exam, it's a standard examination for entrance to university. There is new exam called Advanced Supplementary (AS), which enables (umožnit) to increase (zvýšit) the number of subjects studied.
Higher education covers (zaujímá) all post-schools courses above GCSE A level. Britain has 47 universities, including Open University. The Open University uses television, radio, correspondence courses and summer schools and it is often for older students, who couldn't go to university in the past, but it's only part-time and fee-paid. The most famous and the oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and Cambridge, often called the Oxbridge colleges. They were built in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen were built in the 14th and 15th centuries; the other universities were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1858 the University of Cambridge established UNCLES (the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate). Today are these examinations recognized (uznávané) throughout the world. In CZ they are promoted (podporovaný) by the British Council, which helps with teaching and learning English for foreign students and teachers.
Full-time university first degree courses usually last three or four years (except veterinary and medical courses that last 5 years). The main qualifications are Bachelor of Arts (B. A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) etc. It's usual that for example student of foreign language spends a year in a country where that language is spoken or in industrial location to gen practical experience. Some students continue to study for Masters Degrees (M.A., M.Sc., M.Phil.) and this usually last 1 or 2 years of full-time study. A minority of students go on further for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Education in the USA
In USA there are two sort of schools too. Public, which are free and private schools. In american education students aren´t evaluated by marks but by grades from A to F. A is the best and F is the worst. The youngest children from 3 to 6 go to pre-schools. 6 years old children start to go to elementary school. This school lasts from the first grade until the fifth grade. The children in this school learn to read, write, history, arts, music and so on there.
Secondary schools are called High schools. You can start studying there when you are 11.Secondary schools in USA have got worse level then the Czech schools. The school leaving qualification is usually the High School Diploma.This exam isn´t compulsory. Students take this exam when they are 18. Another examination in America is SAT ( Scholastic Aptitude Test), which can be taken in Mathematic and English. After SAT students can enter a university or a college. In USA there are lots of well-know universities, for example Hardvard, Yale, Princeton and so on. These universities are very expensive. Students in USA don´t get money from their parents so they have to start working when they want to study.